Quarterly Report (Form 10-Q)

dct-10q_20211130.htm

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended November 30, 2021

OR

☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ________________ to ________________

Commission File Number: 001-39449

Duck Creek Technologies, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (888) 724-3509

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐No ☒

As of January 12, 2022, the registrant had 132,096,745 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, outstanding.

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

Some of the information contained in the section entitled "Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contain forward-looking statements that reflect our current views with respect to, among other things, future events and financial performance. You can identify these forward-looking statements by the use of forward-looking words such as "outlook," "believes," "expects," "potential," "continues," "may," "will," "should," "could," "seeks," "approximately," "predicts," "intends," "plans," "estimates," "anticipates," "target," "projects," "contemplates" or the negative version of those words or other comparable words. Any forward-looking statements contained in this report are based upon our historical performance and on our current plans, estimates and expectations in light of information currently available to us. The inclusion of this forward-looking information should not be regarded as a representation by us that the future plans, estimates or expectations contemplated by us will be achieved. Such forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties and assumptions relating to our operations, financial results, financial condition, business, prospects, growth strategy and liquidity. For more information regarding these risks and uncertainties as well as certain additional risks that we face, refer to Part II, "Item 1A. Risk Factors" as well as the factors more fully described in "Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations," and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended August 31, 2021, and those described from time to time in our future reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Accordingly, there are, or will be, important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those indicated in these statements. We believe that these factors include, but are not limited to:

These factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements that are included in this report. The forward-looking statements made in this report relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We do not undertake any obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement except as required by law, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.

If one or more of these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, our actual results may vary materially from what we may have expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. We caution that you should not place undue reliance on any of our forward-looking statements. You should specifically consider the factors identified in this report that could cause actual results to differ before making an investment decision to purchase our common stock. Furthermore, new risks and uncertainties arise from time to time, and it is impossible for us to predict those events or how they may affect us.

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Basis of Presentation

As used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q unless the context otherwise requires, references to "we," "us," "our," the "Company," "Duck Creek," and similar references refer to Duck Creek Technologies, Inc. together with its subsidiaries, and the following terms have the meanings or are calculated as set forth below:

Certain monetary amounts, percentages, and other figures included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q have been subject to rounding adjustments. Percentage amounts included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q have not in all cases been calculated on the basis of such rounded figures, but on the basis of such amounts prior to rounding. For this reason, percentage amounts in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may vary from those obtained by performing the same calculations using the figures in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Certain other amounts that appear in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may not sum due to rounding. When we state that we are a leading SaaS provider of core systems for the P&C insurance industry, we are basing our leadership on our subscription revenue for fiscal 2021.

Our fiscal year ends on August 31. Unless otherwise noted, any reference to a year preceded by the word "fiscal" refers to the fiscal year ended August 31 of that year. For example, references to "fiscal 2021" refer to the fiscal year ended August 31, 2021. Any reference to a year not preceded by "fiscal" refers to a calendar year. Accordingly, our first three fiscal quarters are the successor three-month periods following August 31 (i.e., November 30, February 28 and May 31).

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Table of Contents

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PART I-FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

DUCK CREEK TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except share information)

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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DUCK CREEK TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(In thousands, except share and per share information)

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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DUCK CREEK TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

ConsolidatedStatements of Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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DUCK CREEK TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

(In thousands, except share information)

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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DUCK CREEK TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

(In thousands, except share information)

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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DUCK CREEK TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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DUCK CREEK TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(amounts in thousands except unit and per unit and share and per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

Duck Creek Technologies, Inc (the Company) is a provider of Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) core systems to the property and casualty (P&C) insurance industry, through Duck Creek OnDemand. Products offered include Duck Creek Policy, Duck Creek Billing, Duck Creek Claims, Duck Creek Rating, Duck Creek Insights, Duck Creek Distribution Management, Duck Creek Reinsurance Management, Duck Creek Anywhere Managed Integrations, and Duck Creek Industry Content. The Company also provides its products via perpetual and term license arrangements to customers with legacy systems that have yet to upgrade to SaaS.

The Company was formed as a Delaware corporation on November 15, 2019, with no operating assets or operations for the purpose of facilitating an initial public offering (the IPO) and related Reorganization Transactions (as described below) in order to carry on the business of Disco Topco Holdings (Cayman), L.P. and its subsidiaries (the Operating Partnership). Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references to "Duck Creek Technologies" and the "Company" refer to (a) prior to the consummation of the Reorganization Transactions and the IPO, to Disco Topco Holdings (Cayman), L.P., and its subsidiaries, and (b) after the consummation of the Reorganization Transactions and IPO to Duck Creek Technologies, Inc, and its subsidiaries.

Initial Public Offering

On August 14, 2020, the Company completed its IPO. It sold 17,250,000 shares of common stock (including shares issued pursuant to the exercise in full of the underwriters' option to purchase additional shares) at a public offering price of $27.00 per share for net proceeds of $429.2 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions, and estimated offering expenses.

The Company used (i) $43.1 million of the net proceeds received from the IPO to redeem all of the outstanding LP Units of the Operating Partnership retained by Accenture plc (Accenture) and RBW Investment GmbH & Co. (RBW), after giving effect to the contributions that were part of the Reorganization Transactions, at a redemption price per LP Unit equal to the IPO price less underwriting discounts and commissions, (ii) $64.7 million of the net proceeds received from the IPO to repurchase from Apax Partners L.P. (Apax) a portion of the shares in the Company received by Apax in the Reorg Merger (as described below) at a repurchase price per share equal to the IPO price less underwriting discounts and commissions, and (iii) $6.7 million of net proceeds received from the IPO to cash settle outstanding equity awards of certain international employees.

Reorganization Transactions

The Company and the Operating Partnership completed a series of transactions concurrently with or immediately following the completion of the IPO (Reorganization Transactions) which are described below:

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The Reorganization Transactions are considered transactions between entities under common control. As a result, Disco Topco Holdings (Cayman), L.P., is considered the predecessor of Duck Creek Technologies, Inc. for accounting purposes. This has resulted in the presentation of Disco Topco Holdings (Cayman), L.P.'s historical consolidated financial statements as the historical consolidated financial statements of Duck Creek Technologies, Inc. Duck Creek Technologies, Inc., has accounted for Disco Topco Holdings (Cayman), L.P.'s assets and liabilities at their historical carrying amounts.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (GAAP) set by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission regarding interim financial reporting. Accordingly, certain information and note disclosures normally included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair presentation of the results of operations, financial position and cash flows for the periods presented have been reflected.References to GAAP issued by the FASB in these notes are to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (FASB ASC).

These consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended August 31, 2021 filed with the SEC on October 29, 2021. Operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period or the entire fiscal year.

There have been no changes to the Company's Risks and Uncertainties as disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on October 29, 2021, and incorporated herein by reference.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The Company's significant accounting policies are described in Note 2,Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended August 31, 2021. There have been no material changes to the significant accounting policies during the three-month period ended November 30, 2021.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company maintains an allowance for expected credit losses for its accounts receivable balance. The allowance reflects the expected collectability of the balance and is based on historical losses, customer-specific factors, and current economic conditions. Credit losses are recorded in general and administrative expense while billing and other revenue adjustments are recorded as a reduction to revenue.

Investments

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At the time of purchase, the Company determines the appropriate classification of investments based upon its intent with regard to such investments. All of the Company's investments are classified as available-for-sale. The Company classifies investments as short-term when their remaining contractual maturities are one year or less from the balance sheet date, and as long-term when the investment has a remaining contractual maturity of more than one year from the balance sheet date. The Company records investments at fair value with unrealized gains and losses recorded as a component of other comprehensive income (loss).

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. This new guidance provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions to current guidance to ease the financial reporting burdens related to the expected market transition from the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) to alternative reference rates. We may elect to apply the optional expedients and exceptions prospectively through December 31, 2022. The Company does not expect the new standard to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

Other recent accounting pronouncements that are or will be applicable to the Company did not, or are not expected to, have a material impact on the Company's present or future financial statements.

The Company derives its revenues primarily from the following four sources, which represent performance obligations of the Company:

In accordance with ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue from the identified performance obligations, as determined in its contracts with customers, as control is transferred to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive. The Company applies the following five steps to achieve the core principle of ASC 606:

The Company considers the terms and conditions of the contracts and its customary business practices in identifying contracts under ASC 606. The Company has determined that a contract with a customer exists when the contract is approved, each party's rights regarding the services to be transferred can be identified, payment terms for the services can be identified, the customer has the ability and intent to pay, and the contract has commercial substance. The Company applies judgment in determining the customer's ability and intent to pay, which is based on a variety of factors, including the customer's historical payment experience or, in the case of a new customer, credit and financial information pertaining to the customer.

Performance obligations promised in a contract are identified based on the products and services that will be transferred to the customer that are both capable of being distinct, whereby the customer can benefit from the product or service either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available from third parties or

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from the Company, and are distinct in the context of the contract, whereby the transfer of the products or services is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract.

The transaction price is determined based on the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring products or services to the customer. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price if, in the Company's judgment, it is probable that no significant future reversal of cumulative revenue under the contract will occur. The sale of the Company's software and SaaS products may include variable consideration relating to changes in a customer's direct written premium (DWP) managed by these solutions. The Company estimates variable consideration based on historical DWP usage to the extent that a significant revenue reversal is not probable to occur.

In instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of invoicing, the Company has determined that contracts generally do not include a significant financing component. The primary purpose of the Company's invoicing terms is to provide customers with simplified and predictable ways of purchasing our products and services, not to receive financing from customers or to provide customers with financing.

If the contract contains a single performance obligation, the entire transaction price is allocated to the single performance obligation. Contracts that contain multiple performance obligations require an allocation of the transaction price to each performance obligation based on a relative standalone selling price (SSP).

Revenue is recognized at the time the related performance obligation is satisfied by transferring the promised product or service to a customer. Revenue is recognized when control of the products or services are transferred to the Company's customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration that it expects to receive in exchange for those products or services.

The Company records revenue net of applicable sales taxes collected. Sales taxes collected from customers are recorded as part of accounts payable in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and are remitted to state and local taxing jurisdictions based on the filing requirements of each jurisdiction.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The Company provides disaggregation of revenue based on product and service type on the consolidated statements of operations as it believes these categories best depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

The following table summarizes revenue by geographic area based on the location of the contracting entity, regardless of where the products or services are used, for the three months ended November 30, 2021 and November 30, 2020:

Subscription Arrangements

The transaction price allocated to subscription arrangements is recognized as revenue over time throughout the term of the contract as the services are provided on a continuous basis, beginning after the SaaS environment is provisioned and made available to customers. The Company's subscription arrangements generally have terms of three to seven years and are generally payable on a monthly basis over the term of the subscription arrangement, which is typically noncancelable. Revenue is recognized ratably using contractual DWP as the measure of progress.

Software Licenses

The Company has concluded that its software licenses provide the customer with the right to functional intellectual property (IP), and are distinct performance obligations as the customer can benefit from the software licenses on their

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own. The transaction price allocated to perpetual and term license arrangements is recognized as revenue at a point in time when control is transferred to the customer, which generally occurs at the time of delivery. Perpetual software license fees are generally payable when the contract is executed. Term license fees are generally payable in advance on an annual basis over the term of the license arrangement, which is typically noncancelable. Perpetual and term license arrangements are delivered before related services are provided, including maintenance and support services, and are functional without such services.

Maintenance and Support Services

Maintenance and support contracts associated with the Company's software licenses entitle customers to receive technical support and software updates, on a when and if available basis, during the term of the maintenance and support contract. Technical support and software updates are considered distinct from the related software licenses but accounted for as a single performance obligation as they each constitute a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. The transaction price allocated to software maintenance and support is recognized as revenue over time on a straight-line basis over the term of the maintenance and support contract. Maintenance and support fees are generally payable in advance on a monthly, quarterly, or annual basis over the term of the maintenance and support contract. Maintenance and support contracts are priced as a percentage of the associated software license.

Professional Services

The Company's professional services revenue is primarily comprised of implementation services provided to customers. The majority of professional services engagements are billed to customers on a time and materials basis. The Company has determined that professional services provided to customers represent distinct performance obligations. These services may be provided on a stand-alone basis or bundled with other performance obligations, including subscription arrangements, software licenses, and maintenance and support services. The transaction price allocated to these performance obligations is recognized as revenue over time as the services are performed. In those limited instances where professional services arrangements are sold on a fixed price basis, revenue is recognized over time using an input measure of time incurred to date relative to total estimated time to be incurred at project completion. Professional services arrangements are generally invoiced monthly in arrears.

The Company records reimbursable out-of-pocket expenses associated with professional services contracts in both revenue and cost of revenue.

Contracts with Multiple Performance Obligations

The Company's contracts with customers can include multiple performance obligations, where the transaction price is allocated to each identified performance obligation based on their relative SSP. The Company's contracts may also grant the customer an option to acquire additional products or services, which the Company assesses to determine whether or not any discount on the products or services is in excess of levels normally available to similar customers and, if so, accounts for the optional product or service as an additional performance obligation.

The Company typically determines SSP based on the observable prices of the promised goods or services charged when sold separately to customers, which are determined using contractually stated prices. In instances where SSP is not directly observable, the Company determines SSP based on its overall pricing objectives, taking into consideration market conditions and other factors, including customer size and geography. The various products and services comprising contracts with multiple performance obligations are typically capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. The Company allocates revenue to each of the performance obligations included in a contract with multiple performance obligations at the inception of the contract.

The SSP for perpetual or term license arrangements sold in contracts with multiple performance obligations is determined using the residual approach. The Company utilizes the residual approach because the selling prices for software licenses is highly variable and a SSP is not discernible from past transactions or other observable evidence. Periodically, the Company evaluates whether the use of the residual approach remains appropriate for performance obligations associated with software licenses when sold as part of contracts with multiple performance obligations. As a result, if the SSP analysis illustrates that the selling prices for software licenses are no longer highly variable, the Company will utilize the relative allocation method for such arrangements.

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Contract Modifications

The Company may enter into amendments to previously executed contracts which constitute a contract modification. The effect of a contract modification on the transaction price when the remaining products or services are not distinct is recognized to revenue on a cumulative catch-up basis. Contract modifications are accounted for prospectively when it results in the promise to deliver additional products and services that are distinct and the increase in the price of the contract corresponds to the SSP of the additional products or services.

Contract Balances

Contract assets and liabilities are presented net at the contract level for each reporting period. Contract assets consist of unbilled revenue and represent amounts under contracts with customers where revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer. Contract liabilities consist of deferred revenue and include billings and payments received in advance of revenue recognized. Deferred revenue that will be realized during the succeeding 12-month period is recorded as current, and the remaining balance is recorded as noncurrent.

During the three months ended November 30, 2021 and 2020, $16.9 million and $10.5 million, respectively, of the Company's unbilled revenue balance that was included in the corresponding unbilled revenue balance at the beginning of the period presented became an unconditional right to payment and was billed to its customers.

During the three months ended November 30, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized revenue of $13.6 million and $14.8 million, respectively, that was included in the corresponding deferred revenue balance at the beginning of the period presented.

Transaction Price Allocated to the Remaining Performance Obligations

Remaining performance obligations represent contracted revenue that has not yet been recognized, which includes deferred revenue and amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenue in future periods. As of November 30, 2021, approximately $499.9 million of revenue is expected to be recognized from remaining performance obligations in the amount of approximately $119.7 million in fiscal 2022 and approximately $380.2 million thereafter. The estimated revenues do not include unexercised contract renewals. The Company applied the practical expedient in accordance with ASC 606 to exclude amounts related to professional services contracts that are on a time and materials basis.

The following table summarizes the changes in fair value of the Company's contingent earnout liability during the three months ended November 30, 2021:

The final earnout payment related to the Outline acquisition was made in November 2021. The total cumulative earnout paid to the Outline sellers was $10.3 million.

Available-for-sale investments within cash equivalents and short-term investments consist of the following (in thousands):

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The Company has recorded the securities at fair value in its consolidated balance sheet and unrealized gains and losses are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). The amount of realized gains and losses reclassified into earnings are based on the specific identification of the securities sold or securities that reached maturity date. There were no sales, two purchases within cash and cash equivalents, and three maturities of securities during the three months ended November 30, 2021.

Fair Value

The Company measures certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value. Fair value is determined based upon the exit price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants, as determined by either the principal market or the most advantageous market.

Inputs used in the valuation techniques to derive fair values are classified based on a three-level hierarchy, as follows:

The following tables present the Company's financial assets and liabilities measured and recorded at fair value on a recurring basis using the above input categories as of November 30, 2021 and August 31, 2021:

The contingent earnout liability related to business combinations is recorded at fair value on the acquisition date and is adjusted each reporting period for changes in fair value, which can result from changes in anticipated payments and changes in assumed discount periods and rates. These inputs are unobservable in the market and therefore categorized as level 3 inputs as defined above. Quoted prices for liability classified stock appreciation rights are not readily available. Accordingly, the Company uses a Black-Scholes model to estimate the fair value of these awards, which utilizes level three inputs. The following table summarizes the changes in the estimated fair value of the Company's level 3 categorized liability classified awards for the three months ended November 30, 2021:

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Prepaid expenses and other current assets as of November 30, 2021 and August 31, 2021 consisted of the following:

Property and equipment, net as of November 30, 2021 and August 31, 2021 consisted of the following:

Depreciation expense related to property and equipment was $0.7 million and $0.8 million for the three months ended November 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

The Company has determined the useful life of capitalized internal-use software to be three years. Amortization expense related to internal-use software was $0.5 million for both the three months ended November 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

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The Company's goodwill is the result of its acquisitions of other businesses and represents the excess of purchase consideration over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. There has been no change to the $272.5 million carrying amount of goodwill since August 31, 2019.

Intangible assets as of November 30, 2021 and August 31, 2021 consisted of the following:

Amortization expense was $3.9 million and $4.1 million for the three months ended November 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Amortization expense is recorded on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Amortization expense associated with the backlog intangible asset is classified as a reduction of revenue in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

As of November 30, 2021, the estimated future amortization of purchased intangible assets is as follows:

The Company calculates basic earnings per share by dividing the net income (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. The diluted earnings per share is computed by assuming the exercise, settlement, and vesting of all potential dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding for the period using the treasury stock method.

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The following table sets forth a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator used to compute basic earnings per share of common stock.

As of November 30, 2020, 4,451,120 shares outstanding of potential common stock, prior to the use of the treasury stock method, were excluded from the computation of diluted weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding because their effect would have been antidilutive.

Other assets as of November 30, 2021 and August 31, 2021 consisted of the following:

The amortization related to deferred contracts costs was $0.6 million for both the three months ended November 30, 2021 and 2020 and there was no impairment loss in relation to the costs capitalized.

Accounts receivable, net as of November 30, 2021 and August 31, 2021, consisted of the following:

The following table presents changes to the allowance for credit losses during the three months ended November 30, 2021:

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(11)Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities as of November 30, 2021 and August 31, 2021 consisted of the following:

On October 22, 2021, the Company executed an amended and restated credit agreement for its revolving credit facility, increasing its maximum borrowing capacity from $30.0 million to $45.0 million.

The revolving credit facility has a term of five years and is secured by substantially all of the Company's tangible assets. Interest accrues on the revolving credit facility at a variable rate based upon the type of borrowing made by the Company. Borrowings can either incur interest at a rate of LIBOR (as administered by ICE Benchmark Administration) plus an applicable margin, or incur interest at the higher of: (i) the Prime Rate, (2) the Fed Funds Rate plus 0.5%, or (3) LIBOR plus 1.0%, plus an applicable margin. The applicable margin ranges from 1.0% to 2.0% depending on the interest rate basis and type of borrowing elected. In addition to interest on the revolving credit facility, the Company pays a commitment fee of 0.5% per annum on the unused portion of the revolving credit facility. Repayment of any amounts borrowed are not required until maturity of the revolving credit facility, however the Company may repay any amounts borrowed at any time, without premium or penalty.

The Company is required to meet certain financial and nonfinancial covenants under the terms of the revolving credit facility. These covenants include limits on the creation of liens, limits on making certain investments, limits on incurring additional indebtedness, and maintaining a leverage ratio at or below a maximum level.The Company was in compliance with these financial and nonfinancial covenants as of November 30, 2021.

There was no outstanding balance under the revolving credit facility at November 30, 2021 or August 31, 2021. Letters of credit of $0.9 million were outstanding under the revolving credit facility at November 30, 2021 and August 31, 2021, respectively.

From time to time, the Company is a party to or can be threatened with litigation in the ordinary course of business. The Company regularly analyzes current information, including, as applicable, the Company's defenses and insurance coverage and, as necessary, provides accruals for probable and estimable liabilities for the eventual disposition of any matters. The Company was not a party to any material legal proceedings as of November 30, 2021 or 2020.

The Company's products are typically warranted to perform in a manner consistent with general industry standards that are reasonably applicable and substantially in accordance with the Company's product documentation under normal use and circumstances. The Company's services are generally warranted to be performed in a professional manner and to materially conform to the specifications set forth in the related customer contract. The Company's arrangements also include certain provisions for indemnifying customers against liabilities if its products or services infringe a third-party's intellectual property rights.

To date, the Company has not incurred any material costs as a result of such indemnifications or commitments and has not accrued any liabilities related to such obligations in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

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Share-based compensation expense has been recorded in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations as follows for the three months ended November 30, 2021 and 2020:

The Company considers operating segments to be components of the Company for which separate financial information is available and evaluated regularly by the Company's chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The chief operating decision maker for the Company is the chief executive officer. The chief executive officer reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis, accompanied by information about revenue by product and geographic region, for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. Accordingly, the Company has determined that it has a singleoperating segment.

Revenues by geographic area presented based upon the location of the customer are included in Note 2(g).

Property and equipment, net by geographic area are as follows:

Services Provided on Behalf of and by Accenture

As of November 30, 2021, Accenture held 16% of the outstanding shares of common stock of the Company.

The Company provides certain professional services and software maintenance services to end customers as a subcontractor to Accenture as part of its typical revenue generating arrangements. During the three months ended November 30, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized immaterial amounts of revenue relating to services performed in this subcontractor capacity.

In addition, the Company also engages Accenture to provide certain professional services on behalf of the Company as part of its typical revenue generating arrangements. During both the three months ended November 30, 2021 and 2020, the Company incurred immaterial expenditures relating to services performed by Accenture.

Revenue Contracts with Investors

During the three months ended November 30, 2021, the Company recognized revenue from customers that invested in the Company's Class E Preferred Units whose shares converted to common stock in our IPO. The Company recognized aggregate revenue of $6.2 million and $7.5 million during the three months ended November 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Deferred revenue from these customers was $3.1 million and $4.1 million as of November 30, 2021 and August 31, 2021, respectively.

Outstanding accounts receivables due from these customers was $5.8 million and $5.0 million as of November 30, 2021 and August 31, 2021, respectively.

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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from the forward-looking statements included herein. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed in the section entitled Part II, "Item 1A. Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Overview

We are a leading SaaS provider of core systems for the P&C insurance industry. We have achieved our leadership position by combining over twenty years of deep domain expertise with the differentiated SaaS capabilities and low-code configurability of our technology platform. We believe we are the first company to provide carriers with an end-to-end suite of enterprise-scale core system software that is purpose-built as a SaaS solution. Our product portfolio is built on our modern technology foundation, the Duck Creek Platform, and works cohesively to improve the operational efficiency of insurers' core processes (policy administration, claims management and billing) as well as other critical functions. The Duck Creek Platform enables our customers to be agile and rapidly capitalize on market opportunities, while reducing their total cost of technology ownership.

Our deep understanding of the P&C insurance industry has enabled us to develop a single, unified suite of insurance software products that is tailored to address the key challenges faced by carriers worldwide. Our solutions promote carriers' nimbleness by enabling rapid integration and streamlining the ability to capture, access and utilize data more effectively. The Duck Creek Suite includes several products that support the P&C insurance process lifecycle, such as:

In addition, we offer other innovative solutions, such as Duck Creek Rating, Duck Creek Insights, Duck Creek Digital Engagement, Duck Creek Distribution Management, Duck Creek Reinsurance Management, Duck Creek Anywhere Managed Integrations and Duck Creek Industry Content, which provide additional features and functionalities that further help our customers meet the increasing and evolving demands of the P&C industry. Our customers purchase and deploy Duck Creek OnDemand, our SaaS solution, either individually or as a suite.

We sell our SaaS solutions through recurring fee arrangements where revenue is recognized on a monthly basis following deployment to the customer, which we refer to as subscription revenue. Substantially all of our new bookings come from the sale of SaaS subscriptions of Duck Creek OnDemand. For the three months ended November 30, 2021 and 2020, SaaS ACV bookings represented 94% and 95% of our total ACV bookings, respectively. Historically, we have also sold our products through perpetual and term license arrangements, most commonly installed on-premise, where license revenue is typically recognized in full upon delivery of the software to the customer. We generally price our SaaS and license arrangements at individually negotiated rates based on the amount of a customer's DWP that will be managed by our solutions with pre-determined fee adjustments as the customer's DWP increases over the term of the contract, which typically ranges from three to seven years for our SaaS arrangements. We typically invoice our customers monthly, in advance, for SaaS fees whereas our term licenses are typically invoiced annually, in advance. The total cost of a perpetual license is billed in full upon contract signing.

We also derive revenue from maintenance and support services on our perpetual and term license products (primarily software updates, rights to unspecified software upgrades on a when-and-if-available basis and remote support services). We recognize revenue on a monthly basis as maintenance and support services are provided to customers. We generate revenue by providing professional services for both our SaaS solutions and perpetual and term license products (primarily related to implementation services) to the extent requested by our customers. The vast majority of our professional services revenue is recognized on a time and materials basis as the work is delivered to our customers. Our customers may also choose to obtain implementation services through our network of third-party SI partners who provide implementation and other related services to our customers. Our partnerships with leading SIs allow us to grow our business more efficiently by giving us scale to service our growing customer base. We continue to grow our services organization, including increasing the number of qualified consultants we employ and investing time and resources to develop relationships with new SI partners in existing and new markets.

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We sell our products and services to a wide variety of carriers, including many of the largest and most recognizable brands in the P&C insurance industry, as well as smaller national and regional carriers. Our direct sales team focuses on obtaining new customers, which includes carriers that currently operate internally developed or competing systems, as well as selling into our existing customer base, which includes marketing our SaaS solutions to our term and perpetual license customers to drive adoption of our SaaS solutions and cross-selling additional applications. We are committed to continued training and development in order toincrease the productivity of our sales team, with regional sales centers in North America, Europe and Australia. Our sales team is complemented by our partnerships with third-party partners, including leading SIs and solution partners. These partners provide additional market validation to our offerings, enhance our sales force through co-marketing efforts and offer greater speed and efficiency of implementation capabilities and related services to our customers. We also engage in a variety of traditional and online marketing activities designed to provide sales support and build brand recognition and enhance our reputation as an industry leader.

We believe our strong customer relationships are a result of our ability to develop innovative technology and incorporate our deep domain expertise into products that serve mission critical functions in our customers' day-to-day operations. We have over 150 insurance customers, of which approximately 70 have purchased one or more of our SaaS solutions. For customer concentration purposes, customers are assessed two ways: individual entities (customers) and combining customers that are under common control (consolidated entities). We had one consolidated entity that accounted for more than 10% of our total revenue in the first quarter of fiscal 2022 and a different consolidated entity that accounted for more than 10% of our total revenue in the first quarter of fiscal 2021.

Key Factors and Trends Affecting Our Results of Operations

Increased focus on the sale of our SaaS solutions and resulting changing revenue mix. A central part of our strategy is to continue to grow our subscription revenue by signing new SaaS customers and increasing sales to our existing SaaS customers. Additionally, over time we also expect to migrate existing term and perpetual license customers to our SaaS solutions. As a result, our software revenue mix will continue to change over time as the portion of license revenue (primarily recognized up-front) decreases and the portion of subscription revenue (recognized monthly) increases, which may make our results in any one period difficult to compare to any other period. For the three months ended November 30, 2021 and 2020, subscription revenue was 81% and 79% of software revenue, respectively.

Continued and increased adoption of our solutions by customers. Strong customer relationships are a key driver of our success given the importance of customer references for new sales. Our long-term relationships with existing customers provide us with significant opportunities to reach customer decision-makers and sell our product offerings that address the specific customer's needs, allowing us to recognize incremental sales with lower sales and marketing spend than for a new customer. With the continued launch of new functionality for the Duck Creek Suite, we have the opportunity to realize incremental value by selling additional functionality to customers that do not currently utilize our full product portfolio and by encouraging existing term and perpetual license customers to adopt our SaaS solutions. As we demonstrate our value to customers, we believe we will have the opportunity to sell them additional solutions. Moreover, because our products are priced on the basis of the amount of DWP generated by our customers, we expect our revenue will grow as our customers grow their businesses.

Timing of license revenue recognition and changing contract terms. Because our offerings are typically priced based on a customer's DWP, and our business relies on a relatively small number of high-value contracts, the license revenues recognized in any fiscal period in which we sign a term license with a large global carrier may be disproportionally higher than revenues recognized in a period in which we only sign term licenses with smaller carriers. We generally experience lengthy sales cycles because potential customers typically undertake a rigorous pre-purchase decision-making and evaluation process. Additionally, our license revenue may significantly increase in any given period in which a new license contract is signed. In fiscal 2018, we revised our contracting practices and began to sell our term licenses with an initial two-year committed term and optional annual renewals instead of our historical three to six year committed terms. This contracting change has impacted historical period-over-period revenue comparisons. However, because of our revenue mix shift to subscription and since our contracts going forward are expected to have, initial two-year committed terms, this change is not expected to have a material impact on the comparability of our results and in future periods. Our term license revenue accounted for 4% of software revenue during both the three months ended November 30, 2021 and 2020.

Investment in sales and marketing organization. We plan to continue to invest in our sales and marketing efforts to grow our customer base, increase sales of additional functionality to existing customers and encourage carriers who currently operate legacy systems or use one or more of our competitor's applications to adopt our SaaS solutions. We expect to add sales personnel and expand our marketing activities. We also intend to continue to expand our international sales and marketing organization, which we believe will be an important factor in our continued growth. Our sales and marketing expenses totaled $13.2 million and $12.6 million in the three months ended November 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We expect sales and marketing expenses to continue to increase in absolute dollars for the foreseeable future.

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Investment in SaaS operations. We will continue to invest in Duck Creek OnDemand,including through our new SaaS operations center and continued growth in the number of our cloud and SaaS operations experts, to further our goal of delivering the best experience for our SaaS customers. Personnel related costs of our SaaS operations team and data hosting costs arethe fastest growing componentsof our cost of subscription revenue. Our cost of subscription revenue totaled $14.6 millionand $10.1 million in the three months ended November 30,2021and 2020, respectively.

Investment in technology and research and development efforts. We are committed to continuing to deliver market-leading software to carriers and believe that maintaining our product leadership is critical to driving further revenue growth. As a result, we intend to continue to make significant investments in our research and development efforts to extend the functionality and breadth of our current solutions as well as develop and launch new products and tools to address the evolving needs of the P&C insurance industry. Our research and development expenses totaled $12.3 million and $11.1 million during the three months ended November 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We expect research and development expenses to increase in absolute dollars for the foreseeable future.

Mix of professional services revenue. Our professional services teams ensure the successful configuration and integration of our solutions and provide continuous support to our customers. We recognize most of our professional services revenue during initial deployment and recognize additional revenue for services provided over the lifetime of a customer's use of our software. Over time, a customer's spend on professional services decreases as a percentage of their overall spend with us. In addition, although we plan on increasing our professional services headcount in the long-term, we expect to shift an increasing percentage of implementation work to our network of third-party SIs to better enable us to meet growing market demand. As a result, we expect our overall professional services revenue to increase in absolute dollars due to the growth in the number of our SaaS customers, but to decrease as a percentage of total revenue. During the three months ended November 30, 2021 and 2020, our professional services revenue was $29.5 million and $23.5 million, respectively.

COVID-19 expenses. In March 2020, we implemented various measures in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic to ensure the safety of our employees. Over a two-day period, we shifted 100% of our employee base to work from home and suspended international and domestic travel. This policy remained largely in place throughout fiscal year 2021, with only certain exceptions being made on a case-by-case basis. In the beginning of fiscal year 2022, we began re-opening offices and resumed some business travel. As a result, there have been slight increases in travel-related expenses in fiscal year 2022.

Due to the success of our work from home program, we have established a remote-first policy for all employees. Under this policy, employees can work from home but have the option to work out of physical office locations when they would like.

Share-based Compensation. For the three months ended November 30, 2021, a portion of our share-based compensation decreased due to liability-based awards whose value depends, in part, upon the Company's stock price and other market-based metrics.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

We generate our revenue from selling subscriptions to our SaaS solutions, licensing our term and perpetual software applications, providing maintenance and support services (primarily software updates, rights to unspecified software upgrades on a when-and-if-available basis and remote support services) to our term and perpetual license customers and providing professional services (primarily related to implementation services) to the extent requested by either our SaaS or term and perpetual license customers. We generally price our SaaS and licenses arrangements based on the amount of a customer's DWP that will be managed by our software solutions and may include volume-based pricing for customers managing a higher amount of DWP with our solutions. Our SaaS and license contracts generally include provisions for additional fees when the amount of the customer's DWP managed by our software solutions exceed agreed-upon caps within defined reporting periods, which are recognized on an as incurred basis. Software revenue is comprised of subscription revenue and revenue from licenses and maintenance and support services. Total revenue is comprised of software revenue plus revenue from our professional services.

Subscription

Our subscription revenue is comprised of fees from customers accessing our Duck Creek OnDemandplatform and other SaaS solutions. Revenue for a reporting period is generally recognized ratably in proportion to the total contractual DWP, beginning when the service has been made available to the customer. Our subscription revenue accounted for 81% and 79% of software revenue during the three months ended November 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Licenses

On an increasingly limited basis, we sell licenses for our solutions on either a renewable term basis or a perpetual basis. The total contractual consideration allocated to the license is recognized as revenue upon delivery of the software to a customer, assuming

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all other revenue recognition criteria are satisfied. We sell our term licenses with an initial two-year committed term and optional annual renewals, with the revenue allocated to the initial two-year license period recognized in full upon delivery of the license. We expectpotentialvolatility across quarters for our license revenue due to the timing of license renewalsand sales. Our license revenue accounted for 4% of software revenueduringboth the three months ended November 30, 2021and2020,respectively.

Maintenance and Support

In connection with our term and perpetual license arrangements, we offer maintenance and support under renewable, fee-based contracts that include unspecified software updates and upgrades released when and if available, software patches and fixes and email and phone support. Our maintenance and support fees are typically priced as a fixed percentage of the associated license fees. We recognize maintenance and support revenue from customers ratably over the committed term of the contract. Substantially all term and perpetual license customers purchase an agreement for maintenance and support. We expect to continue to generate a relatively consistent stream of revenue from the maintenance and support services we provide to our existing license customers. However,we expect revenue from maintenance and support services to decrease as a percentage of software revenue as we continue to deemphasize license sales in favor of our SaaS solutions. Our maintenance and support revenue accounted for 14% and 17% of software revenue during the three months ended November 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Professional Services

We offer professional services, primarily related to implementation of our products, in connection with both our SaaS solutions and software license products. The vast majority of professional services engagements are billed to customers on a time and materials basis and revenue is generally recognized upon delivery of our services. We expect our professional services revenue to grow over time in absolute dollars due to customer growth and an increasing need for implementation services, but decrease as a percentage of total revenue. We believe the rate at which we sell our software will drive a greater need for implementation services that will support both an increase in our professional services revenue and an increase in demand for the services provided by our third-party SIs. Our professional services revenue generates lower gross margins than our software revenue and accounted for 40% of our total revenue for both the three months ended November 30, 2021 and 2020.

Cost of Revenue

Our cost of revenue has fixed and variable components and depends on the type of revenue earned in each period. Cost of revenue includes amortization expense associated with acquired technology and other operating expenses directly related to the cost of products and services, including depreciation expense. We expect our cost of revenue to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to hire personnel, to provide hosting services, technical support and consulting services to our growing customer base.

Cost of Subscriptions

Our cost of subscription revenue is primarily comprised of cloud infrastructure costs, royalty fees paid to third-parties, amortization of acquired technology intangible assets and personnel-related expenses for our SaaS operations teams, including salaries and other direct personnel-related costs.

Cost of Licenses

Our cost of license revenue is primarily comprised of royalty fees paid to third-parties and amortization of acquired technology intangible assets.

Cost of Maintenance and Support

Our cost of maintenance and support revenue is comprised of personnel-related expenses for our technical support team, including salaries and other direct personnel-related costs. While we expect the cost of maintenance and support revenue will increase in the near term, it may decrease in the future if we successfully transition our term and perpetual license customers to our SaaS solutions.

Cost of Professional Services

Our cost of professional services revenue is primarily comprised of personnel-related expenses for our professional service employees and contractors, including salaries and other direct personnel-related costs.

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Gross Margins

Gross margins have been and will continue to be affected by a variety of factors, including the average sales price of our products and services, DWP volume growth, the mix of revenue between SaaS solutions, software licenses, maintenance and support and professional services and changes in cloud infrastructure and personnel costs. As we transition our product mix to include more SaaS customers, we expect our overall gross margin percentages to decrease in the near-term due to our SaaS gross margin percentages being lower than our license gross margin percentages. Over time, we expect gross margins to increase as we onboard additional customers, achieve growth within existing customers and realize greater economies of scale.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development

Our research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for personnel-related expenses for our technical staff, including salaries and other direct personnel-related costs. Additional expenses include consulting and professional fees for third-party development resources. We expect our research and development expenses to increase in absolute dollars for the foreseeable future as we continue to dedicate substantial resources to develop, improve and expand the functionality of our solutions. Costs incurred in the preliminary design and development stages of our SaaS projects are generally expensed as incurred in accordance with FASB ASC 350-40, Internal-Use Software. Once a SaaS project has reached the application development stage, certain internal, external, direct and indirect costs may be subject to capitalization. Generally, costs are capitalized until the technology is available for its intended use. Subsequent costs incurred for the development of future upgrades and enhancements, which are expected to result in additional functionality, follow the same protocol for capitalization.

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Our sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel related costs for our sales and marketing functions, including salaries and other direct personnel-related costs. Additional expenses include marketing program costs, including costs related to our Formation (held annually, when possible) conference and amortization of acquired intangible assets related to customer relationships. While we expect our sales and marketing expenses to increase on an absolute dollar basis in the near term as we continue to increase investments to support our growth, we also anticipate that sales and marketing expenses will remain relatively consistent as a percentage of total revenue.

General and Administrative Expenses

Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs for our executive, finance, human resources, information technology and legal functions, including salaries and other direct personnel-related costs. Additional expenses include professional fees, amortization of acquired trademarks, tradenames and domain name intangible assets, insurance and acquisition-related costs. While we expect other general and administrative expense to increase on an absolute dollar basis in the near term as we continue to increase investments to support our growth and as a result of our becoming a public company, we also anticipate that general and administrative expenses will decrease as a percentage of total revenue over time.

Change in Fair Value of Contingent Consideration

Certain of our acquisitions have included a component of contingent consideration to be paid to the sellers if certain performance levels are achieved by the acquired entity over a specific period of time. Contingent consideration was initially recorded at fair value on the acquisition date based, in part, on a range of estimated probabilities for achievement of these performance levels. The fair value was periodically adjusted as actual performance levels become known and updates were made to the estimated probabilities for future performance. A gain or loss was recognized in the income statement for fair value adjustments. As a result of additional acquisitions, it is possible that we will incur gains or losses in the future due to the change in the fair value of contingent consideration.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net consists primarily of foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from fluctuations in foreign exchange rates on receivables and payables denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar.

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Interest Expense, Net

Interest expense, net comprises interest expense accrued or paid on our indebtedness, net of interest income earned on our cash balances. We expect interest income (expense) to vary each reporting period depending on the amount of outstanding indebtedness, cash, cash equivalents, and investment balances, and prevailing interest rates.

Provision for Income Taxes

We are subject to taxes in the United States as well as other tax jurisdictions or countries in which we conduct business. Earnings from our non-U.S. activities are subject to local country income tax and may be subject to current U.S. income tax. Due to cumulative losses, we maintain a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets, except in certain foreign subsidiaries that generate income. We consider all available evidence, both positive and negative, in assessing the extent to which a valuation allowance should be applied against our deferred tax assets. Realization of our U.S. deferred tax assets depends upon future earnings, the timing and amount of which are uncertain.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Three Months Ended November 30, 2021 and November 30, 2020

The following table sets forth our consolidated results of operations for the periods indicated, expressed in total dollar terms and as a percentage of total revenue:

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The following table sets forth share-based compensation expense included in our results of operations for the periods indicated:

Revenue

Subscription

Subscription revenue increased $7.8 million, or 28%, during the three months ended November 30, 2021 versus the three months ended November 30, 2020, due to a combination of sales to new customers and increased revenue generated from existing customers, which includes sales of new services and contractual growth.

License

License revenue increased $0.6 million, or 42%, during the three months ended November 30, 2021 versus the three months ended November 30, 2020 primarily due to a line of business expansion for an existing on-premise customer, partially offset by the timing of multi-year licenses.

Maintenance and Support

Maintenance and support revenue increased 1%, during the three months ended November 30, 2021 versus the three months ended November 30, 2020 primarily due to renewal term increases of maintenance and support fees charged to customers during the period.

Professional services

Professional services revenue increased $6.1 million, or 26%, during the three months ended November 30, 2021 versus the three months ended November 30, 2020 primarily due to growth of our existing software customer base and the launch of several large implementation projects, partially offset by a decrease from completed project implementations.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue increased $5.9 million, or 24%, in the three months ended November 30, 2021 compared to the three months ended November 30, 2020.

Cost of Subscriptions

Cost of subscription revenue increased $4.5 million, or 45%, during the three months ended November 30, 2021 versus the three months ended November 30, 2020 primarily due to an increase in SaaS customers, and is comprised of a $2.4 million increase in hosting costs due to usage increase, a $1.1 million increase in payroll and related costs including bonuses as we added employees to build out the SaaS operations team, a $0.5 million increase in computer hardware and software costs, a $0.2 million increase in professional services, and a $0.2 million increase in contingent labor.

Cost of License

Cost of license revenue decreased 37% in the three months ended November 30, 2021 versus the three months ended November 30, 2020 primarily due to a decrease in royalties paid to third parties.

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Cost of Maintenance and Support

Cost of maintenance and support revenue increased 5%, in the three months ended November 30, 2021 versus the three months ended November 30, 2020 primarily due to an increase in personnel-related costs required to support our term and perpetual license customers.

Cost of Professional Services

Cost of professional services revenue increased $1.5 million, or 11%, in the three months ended November 30, 2021 versus the three months ended November 30, 2020. Payroll and related costs increased $1.7 million, driven by increased headcount and contingent labor increased $0.5 million. These increases were offset by a $0.7 million decrease in share-based compensation expense.

Gross Margins

Gross margins increased $8.6 million, or 25%, in the three months ended November 30, 2021 versus the three months ended November 30, 2020, primarily due to a $3.3 million increase in subscription gross margin, a $4.5 million increase in professional services gross margin, a $0.7 million increase in license gross margin, and a nominal increase in maintenance and support gross margin. The increase in subscription gross margins was driven by strong growth in subscription revenue, as well as cost growth below expected levels primarily based on the timing of new hires.

Our gross margin percentage was flat at 58% for both the three months ended November 30, 2020 and November 30, 2021. However, there were shifts within gross margin. The subscription gross margin percentage decreased, professional services gross margin percentageand license gross marginpercentage increased and maintenance and support gross margin percentage remained static.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development Expense

Research and development expense increased $1.2 million, or 11%, during the three months ended November 30, 2021 versus the three months ended November 30, 2020, primarily due to a $1.0 million increase in payroll costs and bonuses from increased headcount, a $0.2 million increase in the amortization of capitalized software costs, a $0.1 million increase in computer hardware and software costs, and a $0.1 million increase in hosting costs. These increases were partially offset by a $0.3 million decrease in share-based compensation.

Sales and Marketing Expense

Sales and marketing expense increased $0.6 million, or 5%, during the three months ended November 30, 2021 versus the three months ended November 30, 2020, primarily due to a $0.9 million increase in payroll costs and bonuses from increased headcount, a $0.2 million increase in recruiting, a $0.2 million increase in travel and entertainment, a $0.1 million increase in commission expense, and a $0.1 million increase in training, partially offset by a $0.9 million decrease in share-based compensation, and a $0.2 million decrease in marketing programs.

General and Administrative Expense

General and administrative expense increased $0.6 million, or 4%, in the three months ended November 30, 2021 versus the three months ended November 30, 2020, primarily due to a $0.8 million increase in bad debt expense, a $0.5 million increase in payroll costs and bonuses from increased headcount, a $0.2 million increase in computer hardware and software costs, a $0.1 million increase in share-based compensation, a $0.1 million increase in insurance, and a $0.1 million increase in contingent labor. These increases were partially offset by a $1.2 million decrease in professional services expense primarily due to costs associated with our secondary follow-on offering in the first quarter of fiscal 2021 and a $0.2 million decrease in facilities.

Change in Fair Value of Contingent Consideration

Change in fair value of contingent consideration is due to changes in estimated contingent consideration as well as present value calculations related to the contingent consideration estimates of the acquisition of Outline Systems LLC, a provider of P&C distribution channel management software and longstanding member of our partner ecosystem (now Duck Creek Distribution Management). The final contingent consideration has been paid in full as of November 30, 2021.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net increased $0.6 million during the three months ended November 30, 2021 as compared to the three months ended November 30, 2020, primarily due to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates on receivables and payables denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, partially offset by a $0.1 million gain on the derecognition of a lease liability.

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Interest Expense, Net

Interest expense, net increased slightly in the three months ended November 30, 2021 versus the three months ended November 30, 2020. Interest expense consists of fees paid to maintain the revolving credit facility, though there were no outstanding borrowings in either period. These expenses were partially offset by interest income received from cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments.

Provision for Income Taxes

Provision for income taxes increased 19% in the three months ended November 30, 2021 versus the three months ended November 30, 2020 primarily due to the impact of goodwill amortized for tax not for book, impact of higher profits in foreign subsidiaries and state taxes.

Liquidity and Capital

To date, we have financed our operations primarily through cash provided by operating activities, our revolving credit facility, and, most recently, through net proceeds received from our IPO. As of November 30, 2021, we had $251.7 million in cash and cash equivalents, $96.0 million of short-term investments, no outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit facility and $0.9 million of outstanding letters of credit. We also had $44.1 million of additional principal availability under our revolving credit facility. We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments, together with cash provided by operating activities and amounts available under our revolving credit facility, will be sufficient to meet our operating working capital and capital expenditure requirements over at least the next twelve months. Our future cash requirements will depend on many factors, including our rate of revenue growth, the expansion of our sales and marketing activities, the timing and extent of our spending to support our research and development efforts, investments in cloud infrastructure and operating costs, and expansion into other markets. At any given time, we may be evaluating one or more potential investments in, or acquisitions of, businesses or technologies, which could require us to seek additional equity or debt financing. Additional sources of liquidity and capital resources, including equity or debt financing, may not be available on terms favorable to us or at all.

As of November 30, 2021, $116.3 million of cash was held by our foreign subsidiaries. Of this cash balance, $100.0 million is the result of repaying an intercompany loan during the three months ended November 30, 2021 and is held in a U.S. dollar-based bank account. We currently do not anticipate a need to repatriate these funds to finance our U.S. operations; however, we may utilize all or part of the $100.0 million to finance future acquisitions.

Summary of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended November 30, 2021 and November 30, 2020

The following summarizes our cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities for the periods indicated:

Operating Activities

We used $24.6 million of cash from operating activities during the three months ended November 30, 2021, resulting from our net income, after excluding the impact of non-cash charges, of $7.7 million and $32.3 million of cash used in working capital activities. Cash used in working capital activities during the three months ended November 30, 2021 was primarily due to annual bonus payments of $18.8 million, an increase in accounts receivable and unbilled revenue of $7.7 million, an increase in prepaid expenses of $2.5 million, a payment of contingent earnout liability in excess of its fair value at acquisition of $1.7 million, and a decrease in deferred revenue of $3.7 million.

We used $22.2 million of cash from operating activities during the three months ended November 30, 2020, resulting from our net income, after excluding the impact of non-cash charges, of $3.7 million and $25.9 million of cash used in working capital activities. Cash used in working capital activities during the three months ended November 30, 2020 was primarily due to annual bonus payments of $18.2 million and Phantom unit settlement payments of $6.7 million.

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Non-cash charges in all periods include depreciation and amortization, share-based compensation expense, deferred taxes, and change in fair value of contingent earn-out liability.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities consists of purchases of property and equipment, capitalization of internal use software costs, and investments in short-term, government backed securities.

We had cash provided by investing activities of $95.1 million during the three months ended November 30, 2021 compared to cash used in investing activities of $0.7 million in the three months ended November 30, 2020. During the three months ended November 30, 2021, we had maturities of short-term investments of $95.9 million. The Company had not yet made these investments in the prior year.

In the three months ended November 30, 2021, we spent approximately $0.5 million on purchases of property, plant and equipment, compared to $0.2 million during the three months ended November 30, 2020. Additionally, our capitalized costs for internal use software were $0.2 million less during the three months ended November 30, 2021 compared to the prior year period.

Financing Activities

We used $4.4 million in financing activities during the three months ended November 30, 2021, compared to cash used in financing activities of $5.8 million during the three months ended November 30, 2020. Cash used in financing activities during the three months ended November 30, 2021 primarily related to a $3.9 million contingent earnout liability payment, as compared to a $1.9 million contingent earnout liability payment in the prior year. During the three months ended November 30, 2020, the Company made $3.7 million in payments of deferred IPO costs and a $0.2 million payment for deferred Class E units offering costs.

Other Financial Data and Key Metrics

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We report our financial results in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP"); however, management believes evaluating the Company's ongoing operating results may be enhanced if investors have additional non-GAAP financial measures. Specifically, management reviews Adjusted EBITDA, Free Cash Flow, Non-GAAP Gross Margin, Non-GAAP Income from Operations and Non-GAAP Net Income (Loss), each of which is a non-GAAP financial measure, to manage our business, make planning decisions, evaluate our performance and allocate resources and, for the reasons described below, considers them to be effective indicators, for both management and investors, of our financial performance over time.

We believe that Adjusted EBITDA, Free Cash Flow, Non-GAAP Gross Margin, Non-GAAP Income from Operations and Non-GAAP Net Income (Loss) help investors and analysts in comparing our results across reporting periods on a consistent basis by excluding items that we do not believe are indicative of our core operating performance. These non-GAAP financial measures have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, the analysis of other GAAP financial measures, including net income and cash flows from operating activities. For example, with respect to Adjusted EBITDA, some of these limitations include:

These non-GAAP financial measures are not universally consistent calculations, limiting their usefulness as comparative measures. Other companies may calculate similarly titled financial measures differently than we do or may not calculate them at all. Additionally, these non-GAAP financial measures are not measurements of financial performance or liquidity under GAAP. In order to facilitate a clear understanding of our consolidated historical operating results, you should examine our non-GAAP financial measures in conjunction with our historical combined financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report.

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The non-GAAP financial measures and principal metrics we use in managing our business are set forth below:

Adjusted EBITDA. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net loss before interest expense, net; other income (expense), net; provision for income taxes; depreciation of property and equipment; amortization of intangible assets; share-based compensation expense; and the change in fair value of contingent consideration. We believe Adjusted EBITDA provides investors and other users of our financial information consistency and comparability with our past financial performance and facilitates period-to-period comparisons of operations. Adjusted EBITDA was $7.8 million and $3.6 million for the three months ended November 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. A reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, is presented below for the periods indicated.

Free Cash Flow. We define Free Cash Flow as net cash provided by operating activities, less purchases of property and equipment and capitalized internal-use software. We consider Free Cash Flow to be an important measure in facilitating period-to-period comparisons of liquidity. We use Free Cash Flow in conjunction with traditional GAAP measures as part of our overall assessment of liquidity. Free Cash Flow was ($25.5) million and ($22.9) million for the three months ended November 30, 2021 and November 30, 2020, respectively. A reconciliation of Free Cash Flow to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, is presented below for the periods indicated.

Non-GAAP Gross Margin.We define Non-GAAP Gross Margin as GAAP gross margin before the portion of share-based compensation expense; amortization of intangible assets; and amortization of capitalized internal-use software that is included in cost of revenue. We believe Non-GAAP Gross Margin provides investors and other users of our financial information consistency and comparability with our past financial performance and facilitates period-to-period comparisons of gross margin. Non-GAAP Gross Margin was $44.1 million and $36.3 million for the three months ended November 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. A reconciliation of Non-GAAP Gross Margin to gross margin, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, is presented below for the periods indicated.

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Non-GAAP Income from Operations.We define Non-GAAP Income from Operations as GAAP loss from operations before share-based compensation expense; amortization of intangible assets; and the change in fair value of contingent consideration. We believe Non-GAAP Income from Operations provides investors and other users of our financial information consistency and comparability with our past financial performance and facilitates period-to-period comparisons of operations. Non-GAAP Income from Operations was $7.1 million and $2.8 million for the three months ended November 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. A reconciliation of Non-GAAP Income from Operations to loss from operations, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, is presented below for the periods indicated.

Non-GAAP Net Income (Loss).We define Non-GAAP Net Income as GAAP net loss before share-based compensation expense; amortization of intangible assets; and change in fair value of contingent earnout liability. We believe Non-GAAP Net Income provides investors and other users of our financial information consistency and comparability with our past financial performance and facilitates period-to-period comparisons of operations. Non-GAAP Net Income was $4.8 million and $2.1 million for the three months ended November 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. A reconciliation of Non-GAAP Net Income to net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, is presented below for the periods indicated.

Net Dollar Retention Rate.We calculate SaaS Net Dollar Retention Rate by annualizing SaaS revenue recorded in the last month of the measurement period for those revenue-generating customers in place throughout the entire measurement period (the latest twelve-month period). We divide the result by annualized SaaS revenue from the month that is immediately prior to the beginning of the measurement period, for all revenue-generating customers in place at the beginning of the measurement period. Our SaaS Net Dollar Retention Rate was 122% and 118% as of November 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Our calculation excludes one existing contract for a service no longer offered on a standalone basis by the Company. We believe SaaS Net Dollar Retention Rate is an important metric for the Company because, in addition to providing a measure of retention, it indicates our ability to grow revenue within existing customer accounts. SaaS Net Dollar Retention Rate is included in a set of metrics that we calculate quarterly to review with management as well as periodically with members of our board of directors.

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SaaS Annual Recurring Revenue ("SaaS ARR"). We calculate SaaS ARR by annualizing the recurring subscription revenue recognized in the last month of the measurement period (the latest twelve-month period).Our SaaS ARR was$145.5million and $103.9million as of November 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Our calculation excludes one existing contract for a service no longer offered on a standalone basis by the Company. We believe SaaS ARR provides important information about our ability to acquire new subscription SaaS customers and to maintain and expand our relationship with existing subscription SaaS customers. SaaS ARR is included in a set of metrics that we calculate quarterly to review with management as well as periodically with members of our board of directors.

Indebtedness

On October 4, 2016, we entered into a credit agreement with a group of lenders for a revolving credit facility with a maximum borrowing capacity of $30.0 million that was originally scheduled to mature on October 4, 2019. On October 2, 2019, we amended certain of the financial covenants and extended our credit agreement for two years to a maturity date of October 2, 2021. On October 22, 2021, the Company executed an amended and restated credit agreement for its revolving credit facility with a five-year term, increasing its maximum borrowing capacity from $30.0 million to $45.0 million.

Our revolving credit facility is guaranteed by the Company and certain of its domestic subsidiaries and secured by substantially all of our tangible and intangible assets. Interest accrues on our revolving credit facility at a variable rate based upon the type of borrowing made by us. Loans under our revolving credit facility bear interest at a rate of LIBOR (as administered by ICE Benchmark Administration) plus an applicable margin, or incur interest at the higher of: (i) the Prime Rate, (2) the Fed Funds Rate plus 0.5%, or (3) LIBOR plus 1.0%, plus an applicable margin. The applicable margin ranges from 1.0% to 2.0% depending on the interest rate basis and type of borrowing elected (eurocurrency rate loan, base rate loan, swing rate loan or letter of credit). In addition to interest on our revolving credit facility, we pay a commitment fee of 0.5% per annum on the unused portion of our revolving credit facility, as well as customary letter of credit fees. Repayment of any amounts borrowed are not required until maturity of our revolving credit facility, however we may repay any amounts borrowed at any time, without premium or penalty.

The Company is required to meet certain financial and nonfinancial covenants under the terms of the revolving credit facility. These covenants include limits on the creation of liens, limits on making certain investments, limits on incurring additional indebtedness, and maintaining a leverage ratio at or below a maximum level. The Company was in compliance with these financial and nonfinancial covenants as of November 30, 2021.

We incurred $0.7 million of costs directly related to obtaining our revolving credit facility which have been recorded as deferred financing fees and are amortized to legal expense on a straight-line basis over the term of our revolving credit facility. During fiscal 2017, we executed an irrevocable standby letter of credit totaling $0.8 million against our revolving credit facility in lieu of a cash security deposit for one of our office leases. Two additional irrevocable standby letters of credit were executed during fiscal 2019 for $0.2 million and $0.1 million, respectively, against our revolving credit facility in lieu of cash deposits for two of our office leases. In fiscal 2020, the $0.2 million letter of credit was reduced by $0.1 million. Apart from the letters of credit, we did not have any borrowings outstanding on our revolving credit facility as of November 30, 2021 and November 30, 2020.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in Regulation S-K, Item 303(a)(4)(ii) promulgated by the SEC under the Securities Act, in the three months ended November 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The process of preparing our financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the use of estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses. These estimates and judgments are based on historical experience, future expectations and other factors and assumptions we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. The most significant estimates and judgments are reviewed on an ongoing basis and are revised when necessary. Actual amounts may differ from these estimates and judgments. A summary of our significant accounting policies is contained in Note 2 of our unaudited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. There have been no material changes in our critical accounting policies from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended August 31, 2021 filed with the SEC on October 29, 2021.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

A summary of recent accounting pronouncements and our assessment of any expected impact of these pronouncements if known is included in Note 2 of our unaudited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business, including interest rate and foreign currency exchange risks.

Interest Rate Risk

As of November 30, 2021, our cash and cash equivalents balance included one U.S. Treasury bill and no restricted cash, and we had no outstanding indebtedness under our revolving credit facility.

To date, we have not been exposed, nor do we anticipate being exposed, to material risks due to changes in interest rates. A hypothetical 10% change in interest rates during any of the periods presented would not have had a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar, and the functional currency of each of our subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. Gains or losses due to transactions in foreign currencies are included in "Other Income (Expense)" in our consolidated statements of operations. We have not engaged in the hedging of foreign currency transactions to date, although we may choose to do so in the future. We do not believe that a 10% increase or decrease in the relative value of the U.S. dollar to other currencies would have a material effect on operating results.

Our market risks, and the way we manage them, are summarized in Part II, Item 7A, "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2021 (filed October 29, 2021). There have been no material changes to our market risks or to our management of such risks as of November 30, 2021.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our CEO and CFO, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ("Exchange Act"), as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on such evaluation, our CEO and CFO have concluded that as of November 30, 2021, our disclosure controls and procedures are designed at a reasonable assurance level and are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) under the Exchange Act) during the period covered by this report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II-OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

In the ordinary course of conducting our business, we have in the past and may in the future become involved in various legal actions and other claims. We may also become involved in other judicial, regulatory and arbitration proceedings concerning matters arising in connection with the conduct of our businesses. Some of these matters may involve claims of substantial amounts. These legal proceedings may be subject to many uncertainties and there can be no assurance of the outcome of any individual proceedings. Although the outcomes of legal proceedings are inherently difficult to predict, we are not currently involved in any material legal proceedings that, if determined adversely to us, would have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Our business involves significant risks. You should carefully consider the risks described in Part I, "Item 1A. Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended August 31, 2021. If any of these risks or uncertainties actually occur, our business, financial condition, prospects, results of operations and cash flow could be materially and adversely affected. In that case, the market price of our common stock could decline. These risks are not the only risks we face. Additional risks or uncertainties not currently known to us, or that we currently deem immaterial, may also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, prospects, results of operations or cash flows, as well as the market price of our securities. We cannot assure you that any of the events discussed in the risk factors will not occur.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

Not applicable.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

Not applicable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

Not applicable.

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Item 6. Exhibits.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

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