In several parts of the world, infections are increasing and some restrictions have been reintroduced. The sharp fall in GDP at the beginning of the pandemic is mainly recovered, both in Sweden and abroad. The sudden fluctuations in demand that ensued when large parts of society first closed down and then opened up again have created bottlenecks. For example, commodity prices have risen, companies have problems with supplies and there is a shortage of labour in parts of the service sector. This is creating headwinds for growth in the short term and, in combination with rapidly rising energy prices, has led to upturns in inflation in many parts of the world.