05/06/2021 | Press release | Distributed by Public on 05/07/2021 01:02

Material Event

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Regulation Code, the registrant has duly caused this report for the first quarter of 2021 to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

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PLDT INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

AS AT MARCH 31, 2021 (UNAUDITED) AND DECEMBER 31, 2020 (AUDITED)

AND FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 2021 AND 2020 (UNAUDITED)

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PLDT INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION

As at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020

(in million pesos)

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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PLDT INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION (continued)

As at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020

(in million pesos)

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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PLDT INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENTS

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 and 2020

(in million pesos, except earnings per common share amounts which are in pesos)

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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PLDT INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 and 2020

(in million pesos)

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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PLDT INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 and 2020

(in million pesos)

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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PLDT INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 and 2020

(in million pesos)

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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PLDT INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 and 2020

(in million pesos)

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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PLDT INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

PLDT Inc. (formerly Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company), which we refer to as PLDT or the Parent Company, was incorporated under the old Corporation Law of the Philippines (Act 1459, as amended) on November 28, 1928, following the merger of four telephone companies under common U.S. ownership. PLDT has a perpetual corporate term pursuant to Section 11 of the Revised Corporation Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No. 11232), which entitles existing corporations to have a perpetual existence, unless the corporation, upon a vote of its stockholders representing a majority of its outstanding capital stock, notifies the Philippine Securities and Exchange Commission, or Philippine SEC,that the corporation elects to retain its specific corporate term pursuant to its articles of incorporation. While PLDT's amended Articles of Incorporation states that its corporate term is limited to 50 years from the date of incorporation on November 28, 1928, and another term of 50 years from November 28, 1978, PLDT has not elected to retain such specific corporate term. In 1967, effective control of PLDT was sold by the General Telephone and Electronics Corporation, then a major shareholder since PLDT's incorporation, to a group of Filipino businessmen. In 1981, in furtherance of the then existing policy of the Philippine government to integrate the Philippine telecommunications industry, PLDT purchased substantially all of the assets and liabilities of the Republic Telephone Company, which at that time was the second largest telephone company in the Philippines. In 1998, certain subsidiaries of First Pacific Company Limited, or First Pacific, and its Philippine affiliates (collectively the First Pacific Group and its Philippine affiliates), acquired a significant interest in PLDT. On March 24, 2000, NTT Communications Corporation, or NTT Communications, through its wholly-owned subsidiary NTT Communications Capital (UK) Ltd., became PLDT's strategic partner with approximately 15% economic and voting interest in the issued and outstanding common stock of PLDT at that time. Simultaneous with NTT Communications' investment in PLDT, the latter acquired 100% of Smart Communications, Inc., or Smart. On March 14, 2006, NTT DOCOMO, Inc., or NTT DOCOMO, acquired from NTT Communications approximately 7% of PLDT's then outstanding common shares held by NTT Communications with NTT Communications retaining ownership of approximately 7% of PLDT's common shares. Since March 14, 2006, NTT DOCOMO has made additional purchases of shares of PLDT, and together with NTT Communications beneficially owned approximately 20% of PLDT's outstanding common stock as at March 31, 2021. NTT Communications and NTT DOCOMO are subsidiaries of NTT Holding Company. On February 28, 2007, Metro Pacific Asset Holdings, Inc., a Philippine affiliate of First Pacific, completed the acquisition of an approximately 46% interest in Philippine Telecommunications Investment Corporation, or PTIC, a shareholder of PLDT. This investment in PTIC represented an attributable interest of approximately 6% of the then outstanding common shares of PLDT and thereby raised First Pacific Group's and its Philippine affiliates' beneficial ownership to approximately 28% of PLDT's outstanding common stock as at that date. Since then, First Pacific Group's beneficial ownership interest in PLDT decreased by approximately 2%, mainly due to the holders of Exchangeable Notes, which were issued in 2005 by a subsidiary of First Pacific and exchangeable into PLDT shares owned by First Pacific Group, who fully exchanged their notes. First Pacific Group and its Philippine affiliates had beneficial ownership of approximately 26% in PLDT's outstanding common stock as at March 31, 2021. On October 26, 2011, PLDT completed the acquisition of a controlling interest in Digital Telecommunications Phils., Inc., or Digitel, from JG Summit Holdings, Inc., or JGSHI, and its affiliates, or JG Summit Group. As payment for the assets acquired from JGSHI, PLDT issued approximately 27.7 million common shares. In November 2011, JGSHI sold 5.81 million and 4.56 million PLDT shares to a Philippine affiliate of First Pacific and NTT DOCOMO, respectively, pursuant to separate option agreements that JGSHI had entered into with a Philippine affiliate of First Pacific and NTT DOCOMO, respectively. As at March 31, 2021, the JG Summit Group beneficially owned approximately 11% of PLDT's outstanding common shares.

On October 16, 2012, BTF Holdings, Inc., or BTFHI, a wholly-owned company of the Board of Trustees for the Account of the Beneficial Trust Fund, or PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund, created pursuant to PLDT's Benefit Plan, subscribed to 150 million newly issued shares of Voting Preferred Stock of PLDT, or Voting Preferred Shares, at a subscription price of Php1.00 per share for a total subscription price of Php150 million pursuant to a subscription agreement between BTFHI and PLDT dated October 15, 2012. As a result of the issuance of Voting Preferred Shares, the voting power of the NTT Group (NTT DOCOMO and NTT Communications), First Pacific Group and its Philippine affiliates, and JG Summit Group was reduced to 12%, 15% and 7%, respectively, as at March 31, 2021. See Note 20 - Equity - Preferred Stock - Voting Preferred Stock.

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The common shares of PLDT are listed and traded on the Philippine Stock Exchange, Inc., or PSE. On October 19, 1994, an American Depositary Receipt, or ADR, facility was established, pursuant to which Citibank N.A., as the depositary, issued American Depositary Shares, or ADSs, with each ADS representing one PLDT common share with a par value of Php5.00 per share. Effective February 10, 2003, PLDT appointed JP Morgan Chase Bank as successor depositary for PLDT's ADR facility. The ADSs are listed on the New York Stock Exchange, or NYSE, in the United States and are traded on the NYSE under the symbol 'PHI'. There were approximately 18.2 million ADSs outstanding as at March 31, 2021.

PLDT and our Philippine-based fixed line and wireless subsidiaries operate under the jurisdiction of the Philippine National Telecommunications Commission, or NTC, which jurisdiction extends, among other things, to approving major services offered and certain rates charged to customers.

We are the largest and most diversified telecommunications company in the Philippines which delivers data and multi-media services nationwide. We have organized our business into business units based on our products and services and have three reportable operating segments which serve as the bases for management's decision to allocate resources and evaluate operating performance. Our principal activities are discussed in Note 4 - Operating Segment Information.

Our registered office address is Ramon Cojuangco Building, Makati Avenue, Makati City, Philippines. Information on our structure is provided in Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Basis of Consolidation. Information on other related party relationships of the PLDT Group is provided in Note 25 - Related Party Transactions.

Our consolidated financial statements as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, and for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 were approved and authorized for issuance by the Board of Directors on May 6, 2021 as reviewed by the Audit Committee on May 3, 2021.

Amendments to the Articles of Incorporation

On April 8, 2020 and June 9, 2020, the Board of Directors and stockholders, respectively, approved the amendment of the Second Article of the Articles of Incorporation of PLDT, or the Amendment, (a) to reflect the current focus of PLDT's business, which is the provision of telecommunications services through trending and constantly evolving technologies and innovative products and services; and (b) to allow sufficient flexibility for the PLDT business units to design their operations and expand their products and services by constantly transforming PLDT from being the country's leading telecommunications company to a dynamic and customer-centric multi-media organization.

On November 24, 2020, the Amendment of the Articles of Incorporation of PLDT was approved by the Philippine SEC.

Amendments to the By-Laws

On March 25, 2021, the Board of Directors approved the amendments to the By-Laws of PLDT to conform with the provision of Republic Act No. 11232.

The application for the amendment of the By-Laws of PLDT will be submitted to the Philippine SEC for review and approval.

Basis of Preparation

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Philippine Financial Reporting Standards, or PFRSs, as issued by the Philippine Financial Reporting Standards Council, or FRSC.

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost basis, except for financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss, or FVPL, financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income, or FVOCI, and investment properties that are measured at fair values.

Our consolidated financial statements include adjustments consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary to present fairly the results of operations for the interim periods. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2021 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that may be expected for the full year.

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Our consolidated financial statements are presented in Philippine Peso, PLDT's functional currency, and all values are rounded to the nearest million, except when otherwise indicated.

Our consolidated financial statements provide comparative information in respect of the previous period.

Basis of Consolidation

Our consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of PLDT and the following subsidiaries (collectively, the 'PLDT Group') as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

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Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date of acquisition, being the date on which PLDT obtains control, and continue to be consolidated until the date that such control ceases. We control an investee when we are exposed, or have rights, to variable returns from our involvement with the investee and when we have the ability to affect those returns through our power over the investee.

The financial statements of our subsidiaries are prepared for the same reporting period as PLDT. We prepare our consolidated financial statements using uniform accounting policies for like transactions and other events with similar circumstances.

Profit or loss and each component of other comprehensive income are attributed to the equity holders of PLDT and to the noncontrolling interests, even if this results in the noncontrolling interests having a deficit balance.

Noncontrolling interests share in losses even if the losses exceed the noncontrolling equity interest in the subsidiary.

A change in the ownership interest of a subsidiary, without loss of control, is accounted for as an equity transaction and impact is presented as part of other equity reserves.

If PLDT loses control over a subsidiary, it: (a) derecognizes the assets (including goodwill) and liabilities of the subsidiary; (b) derecognizes the carrying amount of any noncontrolling interest; (c) derecognizes the cumulative translation differences recorded in equity; (d) recognizes the fair value of the consideration received; (e) recognizes the fair value of any investment retained; (f) recognizes any surplus or deficit in profit or loss; and (g) reclassifies the Parent Company's share of components previously recognized in other comprehensive income to profit or loss or retained earnings, as appropriate.

Expiration of SubicTel's Franchise

Effective January 23, 2020, SubicTel ceased to operate as a telecommunications service provider, pursuant to the expiration of its franchise issued by the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority, or SBMA. In order to facilitate continued customer service, arrangements have been made between SubicTel and PLDT where PLDT would make its services available to the affected SubicTel subscribers on a voluntary basis, and SubicTel assigned its assets and subscribers to PLDT for a consideration of Php622 million. The NTC did not object to the transfer of SubicTel's subscribers to PLDT, subject to certain conditions. Likewise, the SBMA Board approved the issuance of Certificate of Registration to PLDT to operate within SBMA. The PLDT Board of Directors had approved the acquisition of the assets and subscribers of SubicTel on September 24, 2019. This transaction was eliminated in our consolidated financial statements.

Expiration of Maratel's Legislative Franchise

Effective April 27, 2020, Maratel ceased to operate as a telecommunications service provider, following the expiration of its legislative franchise, Republic Act No. 7970. In order to ensure continued customer service, Maratel assigned its assets and subscribers to PLDT for a consideration of Php500 million. The NTC did not object to the transfer of Maratel subscribers to PLDT, subject to certain conditions. The PLDT Board of Directors had approved the acquisition of Maratel's assets and subscribers on November 7, 2019. This transaction was eliminated in our consolidated financial statements.

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Corona Virus, or Covid-19, Pandemic

On March 8, 2020, Presidential Proclamation No. 922 was issued, declaring a State of Public Health Emergency throughout the Philippines due to Covid-19. In a move to contain the Covid-19 pandemic, on March 12, 2020, the Office of the President of the Philippines issued a memorandum directive to impose stringent social distancing measures in the National Capital Region effective March 15, 2020. On March 16, 2020, Presidential Proclamation No. 929 was issued, declaring a State of Calamity throughout the Philippines for a period of six months from March 17, 2020 (at midnight), unless earlier lifted or extended as circumstances may warrant, and imposed an enhanced community quarantine, or ECQ, throughout the island of Luzon until April 12, 2020, unless earlier lifted or extended as circumstances may warrant. On March 24, 2020, Republic Act No. 11469, otherwise known as the 'Bayanihan to Heal As One Act', was signed into law, declaring a state of national emergency over the entire country, and authorizing the President of the Philippines to exercise certain powers necessary to address the Covid-19 pandemic. On April 7, 2020, the Office of the President of the Philippines released a memorandum extending the ECQ over the entire Luzon island until April 30, 2020. On May 1, 2020, the Government further extended the ECQ over, among others, certain portions of Luzon, including Metro Manila, until May 15, 2020, while easing restrictions in other parts of the country. On May 11, 2020, the Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases, or IATF, placed high-risk local government units under modified ECQ from May 16, 2020 until May 31, 2020, where certain industries were allowed to operate under strict compliance with minimum safety standards and protocols. On May 27, 2020, the IATF reclassified various provinces, Highly Urbanized Cities, or HUCs, and independent component cities depending on the risk-level. Meanwhile, on May 28, 2020, the Government placed Metro Manila under general community quarantine, or GCQ, allowing for the partial reopening of certain businesses and public transportation while continuing to limit general movements. Pursuant to the declaration of the President on August 2, 2020, the National Capital Region and the provinces of Laguna, Cavite, Rizal and Bulacan were placed under modified ECQ from August 4, 2020 until August 18, 2020. On August 17, 2020, the President placed Metro Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Rizal, Nueva Ecija, Batangas, Quezon Province, Iloilo City, Cebu City, Lapu-Lapu City, Mandaue City, Talisay City, the municipalities of Minglanilla and Consolacion in Cebu under GCQ. The rest of the country was placed under Modified GCQ, or MGCQ, effective August 19, 2020. The period of GCQ for Metro Manila was extended until November 30, 2020. On December 1, 2020, by order of the President, the Executive Secretary issued a Memorandum, advising that the President, taking into consideration the recommendation of the IATF, had approved the community quarantine classification of Provinces, HUCs, and independent component cities from December 1 to 31, 2020 as indicated therein. Under said Memorandum, all HUCs of the National Capital Region, the Municipality of Pateros, Batangas, Iloilo City, Tacloban City, Iligan City, Lanao del Sur Province, Davao City and Davao del Norte Province were placed under GCQ, while the rest of the areas listed thereunder were placed under MGCQ, without prejudice to the declaration of localized ECQ in critical areas.

On September 15, 2020, Republic Act No. 11494 or the 'Bayanihan to Recover As One Act' took effect, providing for Covid-19 response and recovery interventions and providing mechanisms to accelerate the recovery and bolster the resiliency of the Philippine economy, providing funds therefore and for other purposes. Apart from authorizing the President to exercise powers necessary to undertake certain Covid-19 response and recovery interventions, Republic Act No. 11494 also affirmed the existence of a continuing national emergency, in view of unabated spread of the Covid-19 virus and the ensuing economic disruption therefrom.

On September 16, 2020, Presidential Proclamation No. 1021 was issued, extending the State of Calamity throughout the Philippines due to Covid-19 for a period of one-year effective September 13, 2020 to September 12, 2021, unless earlier lifted or extended as circumstances may warrant.

As of May 6, 2021, Metro Manila and nearby Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna and Rizal provinces, as well as Santiago City, Quirino and Abra provinces are placed under MECQ until May 14, 2021, while Apayao, Baguio City, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga, Mountain Province, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Batangas, Quezon, Tacloban, Iligan, Davao City and Lanao del Sur are under GCQ. The rest of the country are under MGCQ.

These and other measures have affected and caused disruption to businesses and economic activities, and their impacts on businesses continue to evolve. See Amendments to PFRS 16, Leases, Covid-19 Related Rent Concessions Beyond June 30, 2021 below, Note 3 - Estimating allowance for expected credit losses and Note 5 - Income and expenses - Contract balances.

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To provide our customers with connectivity when they need it the most, we provided zero-rated access to certain Government agencies and emergency hotlines, boosted minimum speeds for our eligible PLDT Home subscribers, increased data allocations for postpaid and prepaid customers, equipped our corporate customers with telecommuting solutions, and for our Overseas Filipino Workers, extended the duration of free calls through our Free Bee app. On May 1, 2020, we implemented a six-month installment payment program for the outstanding monthly bills of our postpaid subscribers. Under this payment program, PLDT Home, Smart consumer postpaid, and Sun consumer postpaid subscribers can settle their unpaid balances as at April 30, 2020 in six equal monthly payments with 0% interest and no penalties. This program was further extended for two months that ended on December 31, 2020. In cases where our service teams need to enter customers' homes or business premises, we have equipped them with protective gear such as face masks and gloves. Members of our service teams have also been trained in the proper health protocols for before, during, and after site visits, including maintaining proper social distances with customers at all times.

Total expenses related to our Covid-19 measures amounted to Php152 million and Php140 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Sun Prepaid Rebranding to Smart Prepaid

On October 21, 2020, Smart and DMPI entered into a Rebranding Agreement wherein Sun Prepaid subscribers were rebranded as Smart Prepaid subscribers. The brand consolidation under Smart aims to capitalize on Smart's robust mobile data network to provide superior mobile data experience to all Sun subscribers and achieve cost efficiency in brand management.

Post-rebranding, the ownership of Sun Prepaid subscribers remains under DMPI. Under the terms of the agreement, Smart will settle a fixed fee representing DMPI's proportionate share on the distributed subscriber revenues. This transaction was eliminated in our consolidated financial statements.

As a result of the rebranding, PLDT reassessed the useful life of the Sun Trademark arising from the acquisition of Digitel in 2011 amounting to Php4,505 million. The Sun Trademark, which was previously projected to be of continued use and was accordingly estimated to be with indefinite life is now amortized over a period of 12 months starting August 2020. Total amortization of the Sun Trademark amounted to Php1,126 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and Php1,877 million in 2020. See Note 3 - Management's Use of Accounting Judgments, Estimates and Assumptions - Estimating useful lives of intangible assets with finite lives and Note 15 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Amortization of Sun Cellular Trademark.

Sale of PLDT Prepaid HOME Wifi, or PHW, Subscribers to Smart

On January 29, 2021, PLDT and Smart entered into a Sale/Purchase Agreement on the transfer of PLDT's PHW subscribers to Smart to consolidate fixed wireless services under Smart in order to optimize shared resources for wireless broadband, have seamless upgrades and cross-selling of products for simplified customer experience and to better manage network costs and wireless network capacity.

The transfer of PHW subscribers took effect on March 1, 2021 after compliance with the NTC's required
30-day notice to subscribers. The initial purchase price for the transfer, together with the PHW inventories and unearned revenues, amounted to Php1,338 million, exclusive of value-added tax, subject to subsequent purchase price adjustment. This transaction is eliminated in our consolidated financial statements.

Amended Standards

The accounting policies adopted are consistent with those of the previous financial year, except that we have adopted the following amended standards starting January 1, 2021. The adoption of these amended standards did not have significant impact on our financial position or performance.

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The amendments provide the following temporary reliefs which address the financial reporting effects when an interbank offered rate, or IBOR, is replaced with an alternative nearly risk-free interest rate, or RFR.

We shall also disclose information about:

The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2021 and must be applied retrospectively, however, we are not required to restate prior periods. These amendments will apply to some of our financial instruments which are linked to the old interest rate benchmark. We are anticipating the discontinuance of LIBOR as benchmark by 2022. Therefore, the amendments will have no significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Effective April 1, 2021

In May 2020, Philippine FRSC issued amendments to PFRS 16 to provide lessees with an exemption from assessing Covid-19 related rent concessions as a lease modification. The practical expedient was limited to rent concessions for which any reduction in lease payments affects only payments originally due on or before June 30, 2021.

However, since the effects of Covid-19 pandemic are still ongoing and considered significant, lessors continue to grant rent concessions to lessees. The Philippine FRSC decided to extend the time period over which the practical expedient is available for use.

The amendment therefore permits a lessee to apply the practical expedient regarding Covid-19-related rent concessions to rent concessions for which any reduction in lease payments affects only payments originally due on or before June 30, 2022 (rather than only payments originally due on or before June 30, 2021).

The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after April 1, 2021. Early adoption is permitted.

We adopted the amendments beginning June 1, 2020 and applied the practical expedient where rent concessions as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic that meets the criteria above shall not be considered as a lease modification. We will continue to apply the said amendment for rent concessions beyond June 30, 2021.

Lessors have granted forgiveness on lease payments as an effect of the Covid-19 pandemic. The rent concessions for PLDT and Smart (including DMPI) amounted to Php69 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2021.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The following is the summary of significant accounting policies we applied in preparing our consolidated financial statements. These policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented, unless otherwise stated.

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Business Combinations and Goodwill

Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. The cost of an acquisition is measured as the aggregate of the consideration transferred, measured at acquisition date fair value, and the amount of any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree. For each business combination, we elect whether to measure the components of the noncontrolling interest in the acquiree either at fair value or at the proportionate share of the acquiree's identifiable net assets. Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred and included in selling, general and administrative expenses.

When we acquire a business, we assess the financial assets and liabilities assumed for appropriate classification and designation in accordance with the contractual terms, economic circumstances and pertinent conditions as at the acquisition date. This includes the separation of embedded derivatives in host contracts by the acquiree.

If the business combination is achieved in stages, the previously held equity interest is remeasured at its acquisition date fair value and any resulting gain or loss is recognized in profit or loss. The fair value of previously held equity interest is then included in the amount of total consideration transferred.

Any contingent consideration to be transferred by the acquirer will be recognized at fair value at the acquisition date. Contingent consideration that is classified as equity is not remeasured and subsequent settlement is accounted for within equity. Contingent consideration classified as an asset or liability that is a financial instrument within the scope of PFRS 9 is measured at fair value with the changes in fair value recognized in profit or loss. In accordance with PFRS 9, other contingent consideration that is not within the scope of PFRS 9 is measured at fair value at each reporting date with changes in fair value recognized in profit or loss.

Goodwill is initially measured at cost, being the excess of the aggregate of the consideration transferred and the amount recognized for noncontrolling interests and any previous interest held, over the net identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. If the fair value of the net assets acquired is in excess of the aggregate consideration transferred, we reassess whether we correctly identified all of the assets acquired and all of the liabilities assumed and review the procedures used to measure the amounts to be recognized at the acquisition date. If the reassessment still results in an excess of the fair value of net assets acquired over the aggregate consideration transferred, then the gain on a bargain purchase is recognized in profit or loss.

If the initial accounting for a business combination is incomplete by the end of the reporting period in which the combination occurs, we report in our consolidated financial statements provisional amounts for the items for which the accounting is incomplete. During the measurement period, which is no longer than one year from the acquisition date, the provisional amounts recognized at acquisition date are retrospectively adjusted to reflect new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date and, if known, would have affected the measurement of the amounts recognized as of that date. During the measurement period, we also recognize additional assets or liabilities if new information is obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date and, if known, would have resulted in the recognition of those assets and liabilities as of that date.

After initial recognition, goodwill is measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses. For the purpose of impairment testing, goodwill acquired in a business combination is, from the acquisition date, allocated to each of our cash-generating units, or CGUs, that are expected to benefit from the combination, irrespective of whether other assets or liabilities of the acquiree are assigned to those units.

Where goodwill acquired in a business combination has yet to be allocated to identifiable CGUs because the initial accounting is incomplete, such provisional goodwill is not tested for impairment unless indicators of impairment exist and we can reliably allocate the carrying amount of goodwill to a CGU or group of CGUs that are expected to benefit from the synergies of the business combination.

Where goodwill has been allocated to a CGU and part of the operation within that unit is disposed of, the goodwill associated with the operation disposed of is included in the carrying amount of the operation when determining the gain or loss on disposal of the operation. Goodwill disposed of in this circumstance is measured based on the relative values of the disposed operation and the portion of the CGU retained.

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Investments in Associates

An associate is an entity in which we have significant influence. Significant influence is the power to participate in the financial and operating policy decisions of the investee but is not control or joint control of those policies. The existence of significant influence is presumed to exist when we hold 20% or more, but less than 50% of the voting power of another entity. Significant influence is also exemplified when we have one or more of the following: (a) a representation on the board of directors or the equivalent governing body of the investee; (b) participation in policy-making processes, including participation in decisions about dividends or other distributions; (c) material transactions with the investee; (d) interchange of managerial personnel with the investee; or (e) provision of essential technical information.

Investments in associates are accounted for using the equity method of accounting and are initially recognized at cost. The cost of the investments includes directly attributable transaction costs. The details of our investments in associates are disclosed in Note 11 - Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures - Investments in Associates.

Under the equity method, an investment in an associate is carried at cost plus post acquisition changes in our share of net assets of the associate. Goodwill relating to an associate is included in the carrying amount of the investment and is not amortized nor individually tested for impairment. Our consolidated income statements reflect our share in the financial performance of our associates. Where there has been a change recognized directly in the equity of the associate, we recognize our share in such change and disclose this, when applicable, in our consolidated statement of comprehensive income and consolidated statement of changes in equity. Unrealized gains and losses resulting from our transactions with and among our associates are eliminated to the extent of our interests in those associates.

Our share in the profits or losses of our associates is included under 'Other income (expenses)' in our consolidated income statement. This is the profit or loss attributable to equity holders of the associate and therefore is profit or loss after tax and net of noncontrolling interest in the subsidiaries of the associate.

When our share of losses exceeds our interest in an associate, the carrying amount of the investment, including any long-term interests that form part thereof, is reduced to zero, and the recognition of further losses is discontinued except to the extent that we have an obligation or have made payments on behalf of the investee.

Our reporting dates and that of our associates are identical and our associates' accounting policies conform to those used by us for like transactions and events in similar circumstances. When necessary, adjustments are made to bring such accounting policies in line with our policies.

After application of the equity method, we determine whether it is necessary to recognize an additional impairment loss on our investments in associates. We determine at the end of each reporting period whether there is any objective evidence that our investment in associate is impaired. If this is the case, we calculate the amount of impairment as the difference between the recoverable amount of our investment in the associate and its carrying value and recognize the amount in our consolidated income statements.

Upon loss of significant influence over the associate, we measure and recognize any retained investment at its fair value. Any difference between the carrying amounts of our investment in the associate upon loss of significant influence and the fair value of the remaining investment and proceeds from disposal is recognized in our consolidated financial statements.

Joint Arrangements

Joint arrangements are arrangements with respect to which we have joint control, established by contracts requiring unanimous consent from the parties sharing control for decisions about the activities that significantly affect the arrangements' returns. They are classified and accounted for as follows:

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The financial statements of the joint venture are prepared for the same reporting period as our consolidated financial statements. Where necessary, adjustments are made to bring the accounting policies of the joint venture in line with our policies. The details of our investments in joint ventures are disclosed in Note 11 - Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures - Investments in Joint Ventures.

Adjustments are made in our consolidated financial statements to eliminate our share of unrealized gains and losses on transactions between us and our joint venture. Our investment in the joint venture is carried at equity method until the date on which we cease to have joint control over the joint venture.

Upon loss of joint control over the joint venture, we measure and recognize our retained investment at fair value. Any difference between the carrying amount of the former joint venture upon loss of joint control and the fair value of the remaining investment and proceeds from disposal is recognized in profit or loss. When the remaining investment constitutes significant influence, it is accounted for as an investment in an associate with no remeasurement.

Current Versus Noncurrent Classifications

We present assets and liabilities in our consolidated statements of financial position based on current or noncurrent classification.

An asset is current when it is:

All other assets are classified as noncurrent.

A liability is current when:

The terms of the liquidity that could, at the option of the counterparty, result in its settlement by the issue of equity instruments do not affect its classification.

All other liabilities are classified as noncurrent.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are classified as noncurrent assets and liabilities, respectively.

Foreign Currency Transactions and Translations

Our consolidated financial statements are presented in Philippine Peso, which is also the Parent Company's functional currency. The Philippine Peso is the currency of the primary economic environment in which we operate. This is also the currency that mainly influences the revenue from and cost of rendering products and services. Each entity in our Group determines its own functional currency and items included in the separate financial statements of each entity are measured using that functional currency.

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The functional and presentation currency of the entities under PLDT Group (except for the subsidiaries discussed below) is the Philippine Peso.

Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded by entities under our Group at the respective functional currency rates prevailing at the date of the transaction. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at the functional currency closing rate of exchange prevailing at the end of the reporting period. All differences arising on settlement or translation of monetary items are recognized in our consolidated income statement except for foreign exchange differences that qualify as capitalizable borrowing costs for qualifying assets. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates as at the dates of the initial transactions. Non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value was determined. The gain or loss arising from transactions of non-monetary items measured at fair value is treated in line with the recognition of this gain or loss on the change in fair value of the items (i.e., translation differences on items whose fair value gain or loss is recognized in other comprehensive income or profit or loss are also recognized in other comprehensive income or profit or loss, respectively).

The functional currency of FECL Group, PLDT Global and certain of its subsidiaries, PGNL and certain of its subsidiaries, Chikka and certain of its subsidiaries and PGIC is the U.S. Dollar; the functional currency of iCommerce Investments Pte. Ltd., or iCommerce, Chikka Pte. Ltd., or CPL, and ABM Global Solutions Pte. Ltd., or AGSPL, is the Singaporean Dollar; the functional currency of PT Advance Business Microsystems Global Solutions, or AGS Indonesia, is the Indonesian Rupiah; and the functional currency of PLDT Malaysia Sdn Bhd is the Malaysian Ringgit. As at the reporting date, the assets and liabilities of these subsidiaries are translated into Philippine Peso at the rate of exchange prevailing at the end of the reporting period, and income and expenses of these subsidiaries are translated monthly using the weighted average exchange rate for the month. The exchange differences arising on translation are recognized as a separate component of other comprehensive income as cumulative translation adjustments. Upon disposal of these subsidiaries, the amount of deferred cumulative translation adjustments recognized in other comprehensive income relating to subsidiaries is recognized in our consolidated income statement.

When there is a change in an entity's functional currency, the entity applies the translation procedures applicable to the new functional currency prospectively from the date of the change. The entity translates all assets and liabilities into the new functional currency using the exchange rate at the date of the change. The resulting translated amounts for non-monetary items are treated as the new historical cost. Exchange differences arising from the translation of a foreign operation previously recognized in other comprehensive income are not reclassified from equity to profit or loss until the disposal of the operation.

Foreign exchange gains or losses of the Parent Company and our Philippine-based subsidiaries are treated as taxable income or deductible expenses in the period such exchange gains or losses are realized.

Any goodwill arising on the acquisition of a foreign operation and any fair value adjustments to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities arising on the acquisition are treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign operation and translated at the closing rate as at reporting date.

Financial Instruments

Financial Instruments - Initial recognition and subsequent measurement

Classification of financial assets

Financial assets are classified in their entirety based on the contractual cash flows characteristics of the financial assets and our business model for managing the financial assets. We classify our financial assets into the following measurement categories:

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Contractual cash flows characteristics

In order for us to identify the measurement of our debt financial assets, a solely payments of principal and interest, or SPPI, test needs to be initially performed in order to determine whether the contractual terms of the financial asset gives rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding. Once a debt financial asset passed the SPPI test, business model assessment, which identifies our objective of holding the financial assets - hold to collect or hold to collect and sell, will be performed. Otherwise, if the debt financial asset failed the test, such will be measured at FVPL.

In making the assessment, we determine whether the contractual cash flows are consistent with a basic lending arrangement, i.e., interest includes consideration only for the time value of money, credit risk and other basic lending risks and costs associated with holding the financial asset for a particular period of time. In addition, interest can include a profit margin that is consistent with a basic lending arrangement. The assessment as to whether the cash flows meet the SPPI test is made in the currency in which the financial asset is denominated. Any other contractual terms that introduce exposure to risks or volatility in the contractual cash flows that is unrelated to a basic lending arrangement, such as exposure to changes in equity prices or commodity prices, do not give rise to contractual cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

Business model

Our business model is determined at a level that reflects how groups of financial assets are managed together to achieve a particular business objective. Our business model does not depend on management's intentions for an individual instrument.

Our business model refers to how we manage our financial assets in order to generate cash flows. Our business model determines whether cash flows will result from collecting contractual cash flows, collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets or neither.

Financial assets at amortized cost

A financial asset is measured at amortized cost if: (i) it is held within a business model whose objective is to hold financial assets in order to collect contractual cash flows; and (ii) the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding. These financial assets are initially recognized at fair value plus directly attributable transaction costs and subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest rate, or EIR, method, less any impairment in value. Amortized cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees and costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The amortization is included in 'Other income (expenses) - net' in our consolidated income statements and is calculated by applying the EIR to the gross carrying amount of the financial asset, except for (i) purchased or originated credit-impaired financial assets and (ii) financial assets that have subsequently become credit-impaired, where, in both cases, the EIR is applied to the amortized cost of the financial asset. Losses arising from impairment are recognized in 'Asset impairment' in our consolidated income statements.

Our financial assets at amortized cost include debt instruments at amortized cost, cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, trade and other receivables, and portions of other financial assets as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. See Note 13 - Debt Instruments at Amortized Cost, Note 16 - Cash and Cash Equivalents, Note 17 - Trade and Other Receivables and Note 28 - Financial Assets and Liabilities.

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Financial assets at FVOCI (debt instruments)

A financial asset is measured at FVOCI if: (i) it is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets; and (ii) its contractual terms give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding. These financial assets are initially recognized at fair value plus directly attributable transaction costs and subsequently measured at fair value. Gains and losses arising from changes in fair value are included in other comprehensive income within a separate component of equity. Impairment losses or reversals, interest income and foreign exchange gains and losses are recognized in profit and loss until the financial asset is derecognized. Upon derecognition, the cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in other comprehensive income is reclassified from equity to profit or loss. This reflects the gain or loss that would have been recognized in profit or loss upon derecognition if the financial asset had been measured at amortized cost. Impairment is measured based on the expected credit loss, or ECL, model.

Our financial assets at FVOCI include receivables from MPIC as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. See Note 25 - Related Party Transactions and Note 28 - Financial Assets and Liabilities.

Financial assets at FVPL

Financial assets at FVPL are measured at fair value. Included in this classification are derivative financial assets, equity investments held for trading and debt instruments with contractual terms that do not represent solely payments of principal and interest. Financial assets held at FVPL are initially recognized at fair value, with transaction costs recognized in our consolidated income statements as incurred. Subsequently, they are measured at fair value and any gains or losses are recognized in our consolidated income statements.

Additionally, even if the asset meets the amortized cost or the FVOCI criteria, we may choose at initial recognition to designate the financial asset at FVPL if doing so eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition inconsistency (an accounting mismatch) that would otherwise arise from measuring financial assets on a different basis.

Trading gains or losses are calculated based on the results arising from trading activities of the PLDT Group, including all gains and losses from changes in fair value for financial assets and financial liabilities at FVPL, and the gains or losses from disposal of financial investments.

Our financial assets at FVPL include portions of short-term investments,derivative financial assets and equity investments as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. See Note 12 - Financial Assets at FVPL and Note 28 - Financial Assets and Liabilities.

Classification of financial liabilities

Financial liabilities are measured at amortized cost, except for the following:

A financial liability may be designated at FVPL if it eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition inconsistency (an accounting mismatch) or:

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Where a financial liability is designated at FVPL, the movement in fair value attributable to changes in our own credit quality is calculated by determining the changes in credit spreads above observable market interest rates and is presented separately in other comprehensive income.

Our financial liabilities at FVPL include forward foreign exchange contracts, long-term principal only-currency swaps, interest rate swaps, call spreads and liability from redemption of preferred stock as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. See Note 28 - Financial Assets and Liabilities.

Our other financial liabilities include interest-bearing financial liabilities, lease liabilities, customers' deposits, dividends payable, certain accounts payable and certain accrued expenses and other current liabilities and certain deferred credits and other noncurrent liabilities, (except for statutory payables) as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. See Note 21 - Interest-bearing Financial Liabilities and Note 28 - Financial Assets and Liabilities.

Reclassifications of financial instruments

We reclassify our financial assets when, and only when, there is a change in the business model for managing the financial assets. Reclassifications shall be applied prospectively and any previously recognized gains, losses or interest shall not be restated. We do not reclassify our financial liabilities.

We do not reclassify our financial assets when:

Impairment of Financial Assets

We recognize ECL for debt instruments that are measured at amortized cost and FVOCI.

No ECL is recognized on financial assets at FVPL.

ECLs are measured in a way that reflects the following:

Financial assets migrate through the following three stages based on the change in credit quality since initial recognition:

Stage 1: 12-month ECL - not credit impaired

For credit exposures where there have not been significant increases in credit risk since initial recognition and that are not credit-impaired upon origination, the portion of lifetime ECLs that represent the ECLs that result from default events that are possible within the 12-months after the reporting date are recognized.

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Stage 2: Lifetime ECL - not credit-impaired

For credit exposures where there have been significant increases in credit risk since initial recognition on an individual or collective basis but are not credit-impaired, lifetime ECLs representing the ECLs that result from all possible default events over the expected life of the financial asset are recognized.

Stage 3: Lifetime ECL - credit-impaired

Financial assets are credit-impaired when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of those financial assets have occurred. For these credit exposures, lifetime ECLs are recognized and interest revenue is calculated by applying the credit-adjusted EIR to the amortized cost of the financial asset.

Loss allowances

Loss allowances are recognized based on 12-month ECL for debt instruments that are assessed to have low credit risk at the reporting date. A financial asset is considered to have low credit risk if:

We consider a debt instruments to have low credit risk when its credit risk rating is equivalent to the globally understood definition of 'investment grade', or when the exposure is less than 30 days past due.

The loss allowances recognized in the period is impacted by a variety of factors, as described below:

Write-off policy

We write-off a financial asset measured at amortized cost, in whole or in part, when the asset is considered uncollectible, and we have exhausted all practical recovery efforts and concluded that we have no reasonable expectations of recovering the financial asset in its entirety or a portion thereof. We write-off an account when all of the following conditions are met:

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Simplified approach

The simplified approach, where changes in credit risk are not tracked and loss allowances are measured at amounts equal to lifetime ECL, is applied to 'Trade and other receivables' and 'Contract assets'. We have established a provision matrix for billed trade receivables and a vintage analysis for contract assets and unbilled trade receivables that is based on historical credit loss experience, adjusted for forward-looking factors specific to the debtors and the economic environment.

Derecognition of Financial Assets and Liabilities

Financial assets

A financial asset (or where applicable as part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) is primarily derecognized when: (1) the right to receive cash flows from the asset has expired; or (2) we have transferred the right to receive cash flows from the asset or have assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a 'pass-through' arrangement; and either:
(a) we have transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset; or (b) we have neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but have transferred control of the asset.

When we have transferred the right to receive cash flows from an asset or have entered into a 'pass-through' arrangement and have neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset nor transferred control of the asset, a new asset is recognized to the extent of our continuing involvement in the asset.

Continuing involvement that takes the form of a guarantee over the transferred asset is measured at the lower of the original carrying amount of the asset and the maximum amount of consideration that we could be required to repay.

When continuing involvement takes the form of a written and/or purchased option (including a cash-settled option or similar provision) on the transferred asset, the extent of our continuing involvement is the amount of the transferred asset that we may repurchase, except that in the case of a written put option (including a cash-settled option or similar provision) on an asset measured at fair value, the extent of our continuing involvement is limited to the lower of the fair value of the transferred asset and the option exercise price.

Financial liabilities

A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or has expired.

When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as a derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability, and the difference in the carrying amount of a financial liability extinguished or transferred to another party and the consideration paid, including any non-cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed, is recognized in consolidated income statement.

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The financial liability is also derecognized when equity instruments are issued to extinguish all or part of the financial liability. The equity instruments issued are recognized at fair value if it can be reliably measured, otherwise, it is recognized at the fair value of the financial liability extinguished. Any difference between the fair value of the equity instruments issued and the carrying value of the financial liability extinguished is recognized in consolidated income statement.

Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedge Accounting

Initial recognition and subsequent measurement

We use derivative financial instruments, such as long-term currency swaps, foreign currency options, forward currency contracts and interest rate swaps to hedge our risks associated with foreign currency fluctuations and interest rates. Such derivative financial instruments are initially recognized at fair value on the date on which a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently remeasured at fair value. Derivatives are carried as financial assets when the fair value is positive and as financial liabilities when the fair value is negative.

The fair value of forward currency contracts is calculated by reference to current forward exchange rates for contracts with similar maturity profiles. The fair value of long-term currency swaps, foreign currency options, forward currency contracts and interest rate swap contracts is determined using applicable valuation techniques. See Note 28 - Financial Assets and Liabilities.

Any gains or losses arising from changes in fair value on derivatives during the period that do not qualify for hedge accounting are taken directly to the 'Other income (expense) - Gains (losses) on derivative financial instruments - net' in our consolidated income statements.

For the purpose of hedge accounting, hedges are classified as: (1) fair value hedges when hedging the exposure to changes in the fair value of a recognized financial asset or liability or an unrecognized firm commitment (except for foreign currency risk); or (2) cash flow hedges when hedging exposure to variability in cash flows that is either attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognized financial asset or liability, a highly probable forecast transaction or the foreign currency risk in an unrecognized firm commitment; or (3) hedges of a net investment in a foreign operation.

At the inception of a hedge relationship, we formally designate and document the hedge relationship to which we wish to apply hedge accounting and the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge. The documentation includes identification of the hedging instrument, the hedged item or transaction, the nature of the risk being hedged and how we will assess the hedging instrument's effectiveness in offsetting the exposure to changes in the hedged item's fair value or cash flows attributable to the hedged risk. Such hedges are expected to be highly effective in achieving offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows and are assessed on an on-going basis to determine that they actually have been highly effective throughout the financial reporting periods for which they are designated. In a situation when that hedged item is a forecast transaction, we assess whether the transaction is highly probable and presents an exposure to variations in cash flows that could ultimately affect our consolidated income statements.

Hedges which meet the criteria for hedge accounting are accounted for as follows:

Fair value hedges

The change in the fair value of a hedging instrument is recognized in our consolidated income statements as financing cost. The change in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to the risk hedged is recorded as part of the carrying value of the hedged item and is also recognized in our consolidated income statements.

For fair value hedges relating to items carried at amortized cost, any adjustment to carrying value is amortized through profit or loss over the remaining term of the hedge using the EIR method. EIR amortization may begin as soon as adjustment exists and no later than when the hedged item ceases to be adjusted for changes in its fair value attributable to the risk being hedged.

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If the hedged item is derecognized, the unamortized fair value is recognized immediately in our consolidated income statements.

When an unrecognized firm commitment is designated as a hedged item, the subsequent cumulative change in the fair value of the firm commitment attributable to the hedged risk is recognized as an asset or liability with a corresponding gain or loss recognized in our consolidated income statements.

Cash flow hedges

The effective portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument is recognized in other comprehensive income, while any ineffective portion is recognized immediately in our consolidated income statements. See Note 28 - Financial Assets and Liabilities for more details.

Amounts taken to other comprehensive income are transferred to our consolidated income statement when the hedged transaction affects our consolidated income statement, such as when the hedged financial income or financial expense is recognized or when a forecast transaction occurs. Where the hedged item is the cost of a non-financial asset or non-financial liability, the amounts taken to other comprehensive income are transferred to the initial carrying amount of the non-financial asset or liability.

If the forecast transaction or firm commitment is no longer expected to occur, amounts previously recognized in other comprehensive income are transferred to our consolidated income statement. If the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised without replacement or rollover, or if its designation as a hedge is revoked, amounts previously recognized in other comprehensive income remain in other comprehensive income until the forecast transaction or firm commitment occurs.

We use an interest rate swap agreement to hedge our interest rate exposure and a long-term principal only-currency swap agreement to hedge our foreign exchange exposure on certain outstanding loan balances. See Note 28 - Financial Assets and Liabilities.

Current versus noncurrent classification

Derivative instruments that are not designated as effective hedging instruments are classified as current or noncurrent or separated into a current and noncurrent portion based on an assessment of the facts and circumstances (i.e., the underlying contracted cash flows).

Where we expect to hold a derivative as an economic hedge (and does not apply hedge accounting) for a period beyond 12 months after the reporting date, the derivative is classified as noncurrent (or separated into current and noncurrent portions) consistent with the classification of the underlying item.

Embedded derivatives that are not closely related to the host contract are classified consistent with the cash flows of the host contract.

Derivative instruments that are designated as effective hedging instruments are classified consistently with the classification of the underlying hedged item. The derivative instrument is separated into a current portion and a noncurrent portion only if a reliable allocation can be made.

We recognize transfers into and transfers out of fair value hierarchy levels as at the date of the event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer.

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Property and Equipment

Property and equipment, except for land, is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization and any accumulated impairment losses. Land is stated at cost less any impairment in value. The initial cost of property and equipment comprises its purchase price, including import duties and non-refundable purchase taxes and any directly attributable costs of bringing the property and equipment to its working condition and location for its intended use. Such cost includes the cost of replacing component parts of the property and equipment when the cost is incurred, if the recognition criteria are met. When significant parts of property and equipment are required to be replaced at intervals, we recognize such parts as individual assets with specific useful lives and depreciate them accordingly. Likewise, when a major inspection is performed, its cost is recognized in the carrying amount of the property and equipment as a replacement if the recognition criteria are satisfied. All other repairs and maintenance costs are recognized as expense as incurred. The present value of the expected cost for the decommissioning of the asset after use is included in the cost of the asset if the recognition criteria for a provision are met.

Depreciation and amortization commence once the property and equipment are available for their intended use and are calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated useful lives used in depreciating our property and equipment are disclosed in Note 9 - Property and Equipment.

The residual values, estimated useful lives, and methods of depreciation and amortization are reviewed at least at each financial year-end and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.

An item of property and equipment and any significant part initially recognized are derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in consolidated income statement when the asset is derecognized.

Property under construction is stated at cost less any impairment in value. This includes cost of construction, plant and equipment, capitalizable borrowing costs and other direct costs associated to construction. Property under construction is not depreciated until such time that the relevant assets are completed and available for its intended use.

Property under construction is transferred to the related property and equipment when the construction or installation and related activities necessary to prepare the property and equipment for their intended use have been completed, and the property and equipment are ready for operational use.

Borrowing Costs

Borrowing costs are capitalized if they are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset. Qualifying assets are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale. Capitalization of borrowing costs commences when the activities to prepare the asset for its intended use or sale are in progress and the expenditures and borrowing costs are incurred. Borrowing costs are capitalized until the assets are substantially completed for their intended use or sale.

All other borrowing costs are expensed as incurred. Borrowing costs consist of interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds.

Asset Retirement Obligations

We are legally required under various lease agreements to dismantle the installation in leased sites and restore such sites to their original condition at the end of the lease contract term. We recognize the liability measured at the present value of the estimated costs of these obligations and capitalize such costs as part of the balance of the related item of property and equipment. The amount of asset retirement obligations is accreted and such accretion is recognized as interest expense. See Note 10 - Leases and Note 22 - Deferred Credits and Other Noncurrent Liabilities.

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Investment Properties

Investment properties are initially measured at cost, including transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, investment properties are stated at fair value, which reflects market conditions at the reporting date. Gains or losses arising from changes in the fair values of investment properties are included in our consolidated income statement in the period in which they arise, including the corresponding tax effect. Fair values are determined based on an amount evaluation performed by a Philippine SEC accredited external independent valuer applying a valuation model recommended by the International Valuation Standards Committee.

Investment properties are derecognized when they are disposed of or when they are permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefit is expected from their disposal. Any gain or loss on the retirement or disposal of an investment property is recognized in our consolidated income statement in the year of retirement or disposal.

Transfers are made to or from investment property only when there is a change in use. For a transfer from investment property to owner-occupied property, the deemed cost for subsequent accounting is the fair value at the date of change in use. If owner-occupied property becomes an investment property, we account for such property in accordance with the policy stated under property and equipment up to the date of change in use. The difference between the carrying amount of the owner-occupied property and its fair value at the date of change is accounted for as revaluation increment recognized in other comprehensive income. On subsequent disposal of the investment property, the revaluation increment recognized in other comprehensive income is transferred to retained earnings.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets acquired separately are measured at cost on initial recognition. The cost of intangible assets acquired from business combinations is initially recognized at fair value on the date of acquisition. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. The useful lives of intangible assets are assessed at the individual asset level as either finite or indefinite.

Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over the economic useful life using the straight-line method and assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible assets may be impaired. At the minimum, the amortization period and the amortization method for an intangible asset with a finite useful life are reviewed at each financial year-end. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are accounted for by changing the amortization period or method, as appropriate, and treated as changes in accounting estimates. The amortization expense on intangible assets with finite lives is recognized in our consolidated income statements.

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized but are tested for impairment annually either individually or at the CGU level. The useful life of an intangible asset with an indefinite life is reviewed annually to determine whether the indefinite life assessment continues to be supportable. If not, the change in the useful life assessment from indefinite to finite is made on a prospective basis.

The estimated useful lives used in amortizing our intangible assets are disclosed in Note 15 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets.

Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and are recognized in our consolidated income statements when the asset is derecognized.

Internally generated intangibles are not capitalized, and the related expenditures are charged against operations in the period in which the expenditures are incurred.

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Inventories and Supplies

Inventories and supplies, which include cellular and landline phone units, materials, spare parts, terminal units and accessories, are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value.

Costs incurred in bringing inventories and supplies to its present location and condition are accounted for using the weighted average cost method. Net realizable value is determined by either estimating the selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated cost to sell or determining the prevailing replacement costs.

Impairment of Non-Financial Assets

We assess at each reporting period whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any indication exists, or when the annual impairment testing for an asset is required, we make an estimate of the asset's recoverable amount. An asset's recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's or CGU's fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use, or VIU. The recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent from those of other assets or groups of assets. When the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount.

In assessing the VIU, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining the fair value less costs of disposal, recent market transactions are taken into account. If no such transactions can be identified, an appropriate valuation model is used. Impairment losses are recognized in our consolidated income statements.

For assets, excluding goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful life, an assessment is made at each reporting date to determine whether there is an indication that previously recognized impairment losses no longer exist or have decreased. If such indication exists, we make an estimate of the recoverable amount. A previously recognized impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used to determine the asset's recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognized. If this is the case, the carrying amount of the asset is increased to its recoverable amount. The increased amount cannot exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation and amortization, had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years. Such reversal is recognized in our consolidated income statements. After such reversal, the depreciation and amortization charges are adjusted in future years to allocate the asset's revised carrying amount, less any residual value, on a systematic basis over its remaining economic useful life.

The following assets have specific characteristics for impairment testing:

Property and equipment, right-of-use, or ROU, assets, and intangible assets with finite useful lives

For property and equipmentand ROU assets, we assess for impairment on the basis of impairment indicators such as evidence of internal obsolescence or physical damage. For intangible assets with finite useful lives, we assess for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible assets may be impaired. See Note 3 - Management's Use of Accounting Judgments, Estimates and Assumptions - Impairment of non-financial assets, Note 9 - Property and Equipment, Note 10 - Leases and Note 15 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets for further disclosures relating to impairment of non-financial assets.

Investments in associates and joint ventures

We determine at the end of each reporting period whether there is any objective evidence that our investments in associates and joint ventures are impaired. If this is the case, the amount of impairment is calculated as the difference between the recoverable amount of the investments in associates and joint ventures, and its carrying amount. The amount of impairment loss is recognized in our consolidated income statements. See Note 11 - Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures for further disclosures relating to impairment of non-financial assets.

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Goodwill

Goodwill is tested for impairment annually as at December 31 and when circumstances indicate that the carrying value may be impaired. Impairment is determined for goodwill by assessing the recoverable amount of each CGU, or group of CGUs, to which the goodwill relates. When the recoverable amount of the CGU, or group of CGUs, is less than the carrying amount of the CGU, or group of CGUs, to which goodwill has been allocated, an impairment loss is recognized. Impairment losses relating to goodwill cannot be reversed in future periods.

See Note 3 - Management's Use of Accounting Judgments, Estimates and Assumptions - Impairment of non-financial assets and Note 15 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Impairment testing of goodwill for further disclosures relating to impairment of non-financial assets.

Intangible asset with indefinite useful life

Intangible asset with indefinite useful life is not amortized but is tested for impairment annually either individually or at the CGU level, as appropriate. We calculate the amount of impairment as being the difference between the recoverable amount of the intangible asset or the CGU, and its carrying amount and recognize the amount of impairment in our consolidated income statements. Impairment losses relating to intangible assets can be reversed in future periods.

See Note 3 - Management's Use of Accounting Judgments, Estimates and Assumptions - Impairment of non-financial assets and Note 15 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Impairment testing of goodwill for further disclosures relating to impairment of non-financial assets.

Investment in Debt Securities

Investment in debt securities consists of time deposits and government securities which are carried at amortized cost using the EIR method. Interest earned from these securities is recognized under 'Other income (expenses) - net - Interest income' in our consolidated income statements.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash includes cash on hand and in banks. Cash equivalents, which include temporary cash investments, are short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash with original maturities of three months or less from the date of acquisition, and for which there is an insignificant risk of change in value.

Short-term Investments

Short-term investments are money market placements, which are highly liquid with maturities of more than three months but less than one year from the date of acquisition.

Fair Value Measurement

We measure financial instruments such as derivatives, financial assets at FVPL, financial assets at FVOCI and non-financial assets such as investment properties, at fair value at each reporting date. The fair values of financial instruments measured at amortized cost are disclosed in Note 28 - Financial Assets and Liabilities. The fair values of investment properties are disclosed in Note 14 - Investment Properties.

Fair value is the estimated price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either: (i) in the principal market for the asset or liability; or (ii) in the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability.

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The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible to us.

The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.

A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant's ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.

We use valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs.

All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in our consolidated financial statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole: (i) Level 1 - Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; (ii) Level 2 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable; and (iii) Level 3 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable.

For assets and liabilities that are recognized in our consolidated financial statements on a recurring basis, we determine whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorization (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.

We determine the policies and procedures for both recurring fair value measurement, such as investment properties and unquoted FVPL financial assets, and for non-recurring measurement, such as assets held for distribution in discontinued operation.

External valuers are involved for valuation of significant assets, such as investment properties. Involvement of external valuers is decided upon annually. Selection criteria include market knowledge, reputation, independence and whether professional standards are maintained. At each reporting date, we analyze the movements in the values of assets and liabilities which are required to be re-measured or re-assessed as per our accounting policies. For this analysis, we verify the major inputs applied in the latest valuation by agreeing the information in the valuation computation to contracts and other relevant documents.

We, in conjunction with our external valuers, also compare the changes in the fair value of each asset and liability with relevant external sources to determine whether the change is reasonable. This includes a discussion of the major assumptions used in the valuations. For the purpose of fair value disclosures, we have determined classes of assets and liabilities on the basis of the nature, characteristics and risks of the asset or liability and the level of the fair value hierarchy as explained above.

Revenue

Revenues from contracts with customers

Revenue is recognized to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration which we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. PFRS 15 prescribes a five-step model to be followed in the recognition of revenue, wherein we take into consideration the performance obligations which we need to perform in the agreements we have entered into with our customers. Revenue is measured by allocating the transaction price, which includes variable considerations, to each performance obligation on a relative stand-alone selling price basis, taking into account contractually defined terms of payment and excluding value-added tax, or VAT, or overseas communication tax, or OCT, where applicable. Transaction prices are adjusted for the effects of a significant financing component if we expect, at contract inception, that the period between the transfer of the promised goods or services to the customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be more than one year.

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When allocating the total contract transaction price to identified performance obligations, a portion of the total transaction price may relate to service performance obligations which were not satisfied or are partially satisfied as of end of the reporting period. In determining the transaction price allocated, we do not include nonrecurring charges and estimates for usage, nor do we consider arrangements with an original expected duration of one year or less.

Remaining performance obligations are associated with our wireless and fixed line subscription contracts. As at March 31, 2021, excluding the performance obligations for contracts with original expected duration of less than one year, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations was Php26,123 million, of which we expect to recognize approximately 54% in 2022 and 46% in 2023 and onwards. As at December 31, 2020, excluding the performance obligations for contracts with original expected duration of less than one year, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations was Php22,921 million, of which we expect to recognize approximately 72% in 2021 and 28% in 2022 and onwards.

When determining our performance obligations, we assess our revenue arrangements against specific criteria to determine if we are acting as principal or agent. We consider both the legal form and the substance of our agreement, to determine each party's respective roles in the agreement. We are a principal and record revenue on a gross basis if we control the promised goods or services before transferring them or rendering those to the customer. However, if our role is only to arrange for another entity to provide the goods or services, then we are an agent and will need to record revenue at the net amount that we retain for our agency services.

The disclosures of significant accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions relating to revenues from contracts with customers are provided in Note 3 - Management's Use of Accounting Judgments, Estimates and Assumptions - Identifying performance obligations.

Our revenues are principally derived from providing the following telecommunications services: cellular voice and data services in the wireless business; and local exchange, international and national long distance, data and other network, and information and communications services in the fixed line business.

Services may be rendered separately or bundled with goods or other services. The specific recognition criteria are as follows:

Postpaid service arrangements include fixed monthly charges (including excess of consumable fixed monthly service fees) generated from cellular voice, short messaging services, or SMS, and data services through the postpaid plans of Smart Signature, Sun and Infinity brands, from local exchange services primarily through landline and related services, and from fixed line and other network services primarily through broadband and leased line services, which we recognize on a straight-line basis over the customer's subscription period. Services provided to postpaid subscribers are billed throughout the month according to the billing cycles of subscribers. Services availed by subscribers in addition to these fixed fee arrangements are charged separately at their stand-alone selling prices and recognized as the additional service is provided or as availed by the subscribers.

Our prepaid service revenues arise from the usage of airtime load from channels and prepaid cards provided from Prepaid Home WiFi, Sulit Talk, Landline Plus products, Smart, Sun Cellular, TNT, SmartBro and Sun Broadband brands. Proceeds from over-the-air reloading channels and prepaid cards are initially recognized as contract liability and realized upon actual usage of the airtime value for voice, SMS, mobile data and other VAS, prepaid unlimited and bucket-priced SMS and call subscriptions, net of bonus credits from load packages purchased, such as free additional call minutes, SMS, data allocation or airtime load, or upon expiration, whichever comes earlier.

We also consider recognizing revenue from the expected breakage or expiry of airtime load in proportion to the pattern of rights exercised by the customer if it expects to be entitled to that breakage amount. If we do not expect to be entitled to a breakage amount based on historical experience with the customers, then we recognize the expected breakage amount as revenue when the likelihood of the prepaid customer exercising its remaining rights becomes remote.

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Interconnection fees and charges arising from the actual usage of airtime value or subscriptions are recorded as incurred.

Revenue from international and national long-distance calls carried via our network is generally based on rates which vary with distance and type of service (direct dial or operator-assisted, paid or collect, etc.). Revenue from both wireless and fixed line long distance calls is recognized as the service is provided. In general, non-refundable upfront fees, such as activation fees, that do not relate to the transfer of a promised good or service, are deferred and recognized as revenue throughout the estimated average length of the customer relationship, and the related incremental costs incurred are similarly deferred and recognized as expense over the same period, if such costs generate or enhance resources of the entity and are expected to be recovered.

Installation fees for voice and data services that are not custom built for the subscribers are considered as a single performance obligation together with monthly service fees, recognized over the customer subscription period since the subscriber cannot benefit from the installation services on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the subscriber. On the other hand, installation fees of data services that are custom built for the subscribers are considered as a separate performance obligation and is recognized upon completion of the installation services. Activation fees for both voice and data services are also considered as a single performance obligation together with monthly service fees, recognized over the customer subscription period. The related incremental costs are recognized in the same manner in our consolidated income statements, if such costs are expected to be recovered.

In revenue arrangements, which involve bundled sales of mobile devices and accessories (non-service component), and telecommunication services (service component), the total transaction price is allocated based on the relative stand-alone selling prices of each distinct performance obligation. Stand-alone selling price is the price at which we sell the good or service separately to a customer. However, if goods or services are not currently offered separately, we use the adjusted market or cost-plus margin method to determine the stand-alone selling price to be used in the transaction price allocation. We adjust the transaction price for the effects of the time value of money if the timing of the payment and delivery of goods or services do not coincide, effects of which are considered as containing a significant financing component.

Revenues from the sale of non-service component are recognized at the point in time when the goods are delivered while revenues from telecommunication services component are recognized over on a straight-line basis over the contract period when the services are provided to subscribers.

Significant Financing Component

The non-service component included in contracts with customers have significant financing component considering the period between the time of the transfer of control over the mobile device and the customer's payment of the price of the mobile device, which is more than one year.

The transaction price for such contracts is determined by discounting the amount of promised consideration using the appropriate discount rate. We concluded that there is a significant financing component for those contracts where the customer elects to pay in arrears considering the length of time between the transfer of mobile device to the customer and the customer's payment, as well as the prevailing interest rates in the market adjusted with customer credit spread.

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Customer Loyalty Program

We operate customer engagement and loyalty programs which allow customers to accumulate points when postpaid customers pay their bills on time and in full, purchase products or services, and load or top-up for prepaid customers once registered to the program. Customers may avail of the 'MVP Rewards Card' for free, powered by PayMaya, which allows for instant conversion of points into the PayMaya wallet of the customer that can be used for all purchases transacted using the 'MVP Rewards Card'. Meanwhile, 'Giga Points', Smart's loyalty program, gives rewards in the form of points for every subscriber top-up and buy Giga. Each Giga Point is equivalent to Php1.00. These customer loyalty programs are not treated as a separate performance obligation but as a reduction of revenue when earned, which is booked under loyalty expense.

Interconnection revenues for call termination, call transit and network usages are recognized in the period in which the traffic occurs. Revenues related to local, long distance, network-to-network, roaming and international call connection services are recognized when the call is placed, or connection is provided, and the equivalent amounts charged to us by other carriers are recorded under interconnection costs in our consolidated income statements. Inbound revenue and outbound charges are based on agreed transit and termination rates with other foreign and local carriers.

Variable consideration

We assessed that a variable consideration exists in certain interconnection agreements where there is a monthly aggregation period and the rates applied for the total monthly traffic will depend on the total traffic for the month. We also consider whether contracts with carriers contain volume commitment or tiering arrangement whereby the rate being charged will change upon meeting certain volume of traffic. We estimate the amount of variable consideration to which we are entitled and include in the transaction price some or all of an amount of variable consideration estimated arising from these agreements, unless the impact is not material.

Revenues from VAS include streaming and downloading of games, music, video contents, loan services, messaging services, applications and other digital services which are only arranged for by us on behalf of third-party content providers. The amount of revenue recognized is net of content provider's share in revenue. Revenue is recognized at a point in time upon service availment. We act as an agent for certain VAS arrangements.

Revenue from server hosting, co-location services and customer support services are recognized at point in time as the services are performed.

Contract balances

Contract assets

A contract asset is initially recognized for revenue earned from installation services because the receipt of consideration is conditional on successful completion of the installation. Upon completion of the installation and acceptance by the customer, the amount recognized as contract assets is reclassified to trade receivables when billed. Contract assets are subject to impairment assessment. Refer to accounting policies on impairment of financial assets in section Financial instruments - initial recognition and subsequent measurement.

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Trade receivables

A receivable is recognized if an amount of consideration that is unconditional is due from the customer (i.e., only the passage of time is required before payment of the consideration is due). Refer to accounting policies of financial assets in section Financial instruments - initial recognition and subsequent measurement.

Contract liabilities and unearned revenues

A contract liability is the obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which we have received consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer. If a customer pays consideration before we transfer goods or services to the customer, a contract liability is recognized when the payment is made or the payment is due (whichever is earlier). Contract liabilities and unearned revenues are recognized as revenue when we perform under the contract.

Incremental costs to obtain contracts

We often give commissions and incentives to sales agents for meeting certain volumes of new connections and corresponding value of plans contracted. These costs are incremental costs to obtain as we would have not incurred these if the contract had not been obtained. These are capitalized as an asset if these are expected to be recovered. Any capitalized incremental costs to obtain would be amortized and recognized as expense over customer subscription period. The capitalized incremental costs are subject to regular impairment assessment.

Interest income

Interest income is recognized as it accrues on a time proportion basis taking into account the principal amount outstanding and the EIR.

Dividend income

Revenue is recognized when our right to receive the payment is identified.

Expenses

Expenses are recognized as incurred.

Provisions

We recognize a provision when we have a present obligation, legal or constructive, as a result of a past event, and when it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. When we expect some or all of a provision to be reimbursed, the reimbursement is recognized as a separate asset, but only when the reimbursement is virtually certain to be received if the entity settles the obligation. The expense relating to any provision is presented in our consolidated income statements, net of any reimbursements. If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are discounted using a current pre-tax rate that reflects, where appropriate, the risks specific to the liability. Where discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognized as interest expense in our consolidated income statements.

Retirement Benefits

PLDT and certain of its subsidiaries are covered under Republic Act No. 7641 otherwise known as 'The Philippine Retirement Law'.

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Defined benefit pension plans

PLDT has separate and distinct retirement plans for itself and majority of its Philippine-based operating subsidiaries, administered by the respective Funds' Trustees, covering permanent employees. Retirement costs are separately determined using the projected unit credit method. This method reflects services rendered by employees to the date of valuation and incorporates assumptions concerning employees' projected salaries.

Retirement costs consist of the following:

Service cost (which includes current service costs, past service costs and gains or losses on curtailments and non-routine settlements) is recognized as part of 'Selling, general and administrative expenses - Compensation and employee benefits' account in our consolidated income statements. These amounts are calculated periodically by an independent qualified actuary.

Net interest on the net defined benefit asset or obligation is the change during the period in the net defined benefit asset or obligation that arises from the passage of time which is determined by applying the discount rate based on the government bonds to the net defined benefit asset or obligation. Net defined benefit asset is recognized as part of advances and other noncurrent assets and net defined benefit obligation is recognized as part of pension and other employee benefits in our consolidated statements of financial position.

Remeasurements, comprising actuarial gains and losses, return on plan assets and any change in the effect of the asset ceiling (excluding net interest on defined benefit obligation) are recognized immediately in other comprehensive income in the period in which they occur. Remeasurements are not classified to profit or loss in subsequent periods.

The net defined benefit asset or obligation comprises the present value of the defined benefit obligation (using a discount rate based on government bonds, as explained in Note 3 - Management's Use of Accounting Judgments, Estimates and Assumptions - Estimating pension benefit costs and other employee benefits), net of the fair value of plan assets out of which the obligations are to be settled directly. Plan assets are assets held by a long-term employee benefit fund or qualifying insurance policies and are not available to our creditors nor can they be paid directly to us. Fair value is based on market price information and in the case of quoted securities, the published bid price and in the case of unquoted securities, the discounted cash flow using the income approach. The value of any defined benefit asset recognized is restricted to the asset ceiling which is the present value of any economic benefits available in the form of refunds from the plan or reductions in the future contributions to the plan. See Note 26 - Pension and Other Employee Benefits - Defined Benefit Pension Plans for more details.

Defined contribution plans

Smart and certain of its subsidiaries maintain a defined contribution plan that covers all regular full-time employees under which it pays fixed contributions based on the employees' monthly salaries and provides for qualified employees to receive a defined benefit minimum guarantee. The defined benefit minimum guarantee is equivalent to a certain percentage of the monthly salary payable to an employee at normal retirement age with the required credited years of service based on the provisions of Republic Act No. 7641.

Accordingly, Smart and certain of its subsidiaries account for their retirement obligation under the higher of the defined benefit obligation related to the minimum guarantee and the obligation arising from the defined contribution plan.

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For the defined benefit minimum guarantee plan, the liability is determined based on the present value of the excess of the projected defined benefit obligation over the projected defined contribution obligation at the end of the reporting period. The defined benefit obligation is calculated annually by a qualified independent actuary using the projected unit credit method. Smart and certain of its subsidiaries determines the net interest expense (income) on the net defined benefit liability (asset) for the period by applying the discount rate used to measure the defined benefit obligation at the beginning of the annual period to the then net defined benefit liability (asset), taking into account any changes in the net defined benefit liability (asset) during the period as a result of contributions and benefit payments. Net interest expense (income) and other expenses (income) related to the defined benefit plan are recognized in our consolidated income statement.

The defined contribution liability, on the other hand, is measured at the fair value of the defined contribution assets upon which the defined contribution benefits depend, with an adjustment for margin on asset returns, if any, where this is reflected in the defined contribution benefits.

Remeasurements of the net defined benefit liability, which comprise actuarial gains and losses, the return on plan assets (excluding interest) and the effect of the asset ceiling (if any, excluding interest), are recognized immediately in our other comprehensive income.

When the benefits of the plan are changed or when the plan is curtailed, the resulting change in benefit that relates to past service or the gain or loss on curtailment is recognized immediately in our profit or loss. Gains or losses on the settlement of the defined benefit plan are recognized when the settlement occurs. See Note 26 - Pension and Other Employee Benefits - Defined Contribution Plans for more details.

Employee benefit costs include current service cost, net interest on the net defined benefit obligation, and remeasurements of the net defined benefit obligation. Past service costs and actuarial gains and losses are recognized immediately in our consolidated income statement.

The long-term employee benefit liability comprises the present value of the defined benefit obligation (using a discount rate based on government bonds) at the end of the reporting period and is determined using the projected unit credit method. See Note 26 - Pension and Other Employee Benefits - Other Long-term Employee Benefits for more details.

Other Long-term Employee Benefits

Transformation Incentive Plan, or TIP

Cycle I TIP

PLDT provides incentive compensation to key officers, executives and other eligible participants, in the PLDT Group in the form of PLDT Inc. common shares of stock, or Performance Shares, over a three-year vesting period from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2019. The award of the performance shares is contingent on the achievement of Performance Targets based on PLDT Group's cumulative consolidated core net income.

The starting point of expense recognition is the date of grant, which is the date when the formal invitation letter was sent to the eligible participants. The fair value of the award (excluding the effect of any service and non-market performance vesting conditions) is determined at the grant date. At each subsequent reporting date until vesting, a best estimate of the cumulative charge to profit or loss at that date is computed. As the share-based payments vests in installments over the service period, the award is treated as expense over the vesting period. On December 11, 2018, the Executive Compensation Committee, or ECC, of the Board approved Management's recommended modifications to the Plan, and partial equity and cash settled set-up was implemented for the 2019 TIP Grant. The revised set-up includes a fixed number of shares that will be granted ('equity award') and the estimated fair value of the difference between the number of shares granted in the original equity grant and the equity award will be paid in cash ('cash award'). The fair value of the cash award is determined at each reporting date using the estimated fair value of the corresponding shares.

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Cycle 2 TIP

On August 7, 2020, the ECC approved the adjusted TIP that covers the years 2020 and 2021, and will be settled in cash. The cash grant will be for the two years covered and payment will be in 2022. The Cycle 2 TIP will be based on the achievement of the Cumulative Consolidated Core Net Income, or CCNI, for the years 2020 and 2021.

This other long-term employee benefit liability is recognized and measured using the projected unit credit method and to be amortized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period.

Please see Note 3 - Management's Use of Accounting Judgments, Estimates and Assumptions - Estimating pension benefit cost and other employee benefits.

Leases

We assess at contract inception whether the contract is, or contains, a lease that is, if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for a consideration.

As a Lessee. We apply a single recognition and measurement approach for all leases, except for short-term leases and leases of low-value assets. We recognize lease liabilities to make lease payments and ROU assets representing the right to use assets to the underlying assets.

We recognize ROU assets at the commencement date of the lease (i.e., the date the underlying asset is available for use). ROU assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, and adjusted for any remeasurement of lease liabilities. The cost of ROU assets includes the amount of lease liabilities recognized, initial direct costs incurred, and lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received. Unless it is reasonably certain that we obtain ownership of the leased asset at the end of the lease term, the recognized ROU assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of its estimated useful life and the lease term. ROU assets are subject to impairment. Refer to the accounting policies in impairment of non-financial assets section.

At the commencement date of the lease, we recognize lease liabilities measured at the present value of lease payments to be made over the lease term. The lease payments include fixed payments (including in-substance fixed payments) less any lease incentives receivable, variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, and amounts expected to be paid under residual value guarantees. The lease payments also include the exercise price of a purchase option reasonably certain to be exercised and payments of penalties for terminating a lease, if the lease term reflects exercising the option to terminate. The variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or a rate are recognized as expense in the period on which the event or condition that triggers the payment occurs.

In calculating the present value of lease payments, we use the incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date if the interest rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable. After the commencement date, the amount of lease liabilities is increased to reflect the accretion of interest and reduced for the lease payments made. In addition, the carrying amount of lease liabilities is remeasured if there is a modification, a change in the lease term, a change in the in-substance fixed lease payments or a change in the assessment to purchase the underlying asset.

We apply the short-term lease recognition exemption to our short-term leases of machinery and equipment (i.e., those leases that have a lease term ending within 12 months or less from the commencement date and do not contain a purchase option). We also apply the lease of low-value assets recognition exemption to leases that are considered of low value (i.e., below Php250 thousand). Lease payments on short-term leases and leases of low-value assets are recognized as expense in our consolidated income statement on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

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As a Lessor. Leases in which we do not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an asset are classified as operating leases. Rental income is accounted for on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is included in revenue in our consolidated income statements due to its operating nature. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognized over the lease term on the bases as rental income.

Sale and Leaseback. If we transfer an asset to another entity (the buyer-lessor) and leases that asset back from the buyer-lessor, we account for the transfer contract and the lease by applying the requirements of PFRS 16. We first apply the requirements for determining when a performance obligation is satisfied in PFRS 15 to determine whether the transfer of an asset is accounted for as a sale of that asset.

For transfer of an asset that satisfies the requirements of PFRS 15 to be accounted for as a sale of the asset, we measure the right-of-use asset arising from the leaseback at the proportion of the previous carrying amount of the asset that relates to the right of use retained by us. Accordingly, we recognize only the amount of any gain or loss that relates to the rights transferred to the buyer-lessor.

If the transfer of an asset does not satisfy the requirements of PFRS 15 to be accounted for as a sale of the asset, we continue to recognize the transferred asset and recognize a financial liability equal to the transfer proceeds. We account for the financial liability applying PFRS 9.

Income Taxes

Current income tax

Current income tax assets and liabilities for the current and prior years are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted as at the end of the reporting period where we operate and generate taxable income.

Current income tax relating to items recognized directly in equity is recognized in equity and not in our consolidated income statement. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.

Deferred income tax

Deferred income tax is provided on all temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the end of the reporting period.

Deferred income tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences except: (1) when the deferred income tax liability arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss; and (2) with respect to taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interest in joint ventures, when the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Deferred income tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, the carryforward benefits of unused tax credits from excess minimum corporate income tax, or MCIT, over regular corporate income tax, or RCIT, and unused net operating loss carry over, or NOLCO. Deferred income tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences and carryforward benefits of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized, except: (1) when the deferred income tax asset relating to the deductible temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss; and (2) with respect to deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests in joint ventures, deferred income tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized.

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The carrying amount of deferred income tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred income tax assets to be utilized. Unrecognized deferred income tax assets are reassessed at the end of each reporting period and are recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profit will allow the deferred income tax assets to be recovered.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted as at the end of the reporting period.

Deferred income tax relating to items recognized in 'Other comprehensive income' account is included in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income and not in our consolidated income statements.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are offset, if a legally enforceable right exists to offset current income tax assets against current income tax liabilities and the deferred income taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.

Tax benefits acquired as part of a business combination, but not satisfying the criteria for separate recognition at that date, would be recognized subsequently if new information about facts and circumstances changed. The adjustment would either be treated as a reduction to goodwill (as long as it does not exceed goodwill) if it is incurred during the measurement period or in our consolidated income statement.

VAT

Revenues, expenses and assets are recognized net of the amount of VAT, if applicable. When VAT from sales of goods and/or services (output VAT) exceeds VAT passed on from purchases of goods or services (input VAT), the excess is recognized as payable in our consolidated statements of financial position. When VAT passed on from purchases of goods or services (input VAT) exceeds VAT from sales of goods and/or services (output VAT), the excess is recognized as an asset in our consolidated statements of financial position to the extent of the recoverable amount.

Contingencies

Contingent liabilities are not recognized in our consolidated financial statements. They are disclosed in the notes to our consolidated financial statements unless the possibility of an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits is remote. Contingent assets are not recognized in our consolidated financial statements but are disclosed in the notes to our consolidated financial statements when an inflow of economic benefits is probable.

Segment Information

PLDT and its subsidiaries are organized into three business segments. Such business segments are the bases upon which we report our primary segment information. Financial information on business segments is presented in Note 4 - Operating Segment Information.

Events After the End of the Reporting Period

Post year-end events up to the date of approval of the Board of Directors that provide additional information about our financial position at the end of the reporting period (adjusting events) are reflected in our consolidated financial statements. Post year-end events that are not adjusting events are disclosed in the notes to our consolidated financial statements when material.

Equity

Preferred and common stocks are measured at par value for all shares issued. Incremental costs incurred directly attributable to the issuance of new shares are shown in equity as a deduction from proceeds, net of tax. Proceeds and/or fair value of considerations received in excess of par value are recognized as capital in excess of par value in our consolidated statement of changes in equity and consolidated statements of financial position.

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Treasury stocks are our own equity instruments which are reacquired and recognized at cost and presented as reduction in equity. No gain or loss is recognized in our consolidated income statements on the purchase, sale, reissuance or cancellation of our own equity instruments. Any difference between the carrying amount and the consideration upon reissuance or cancellation of shares is recognized as capital in excess of par value in our consolidated statement of changes in equity and consolidated statements of financial position.

Change in the ownership interest of a subsidiary, without loss of control, is accounted for as an equity transaction and any impact is presented as part of capital in excess of par value in our consolidated statement of changes in equity.

Retained earnings represent our net accumulated earnings less cumulative dividends declared.

Other comprehensive income comprises of income and expense, including reclassification adjustments that are not recognized in our consolidated income statement as required or permitted by PFRS.

Standards Issued But Not Yet Effective

The standards that are issued, but not yet effective, up to the date of issuance of the consolidated financial statements are listed below. We will adopt these standards and amendments to existing standards which are relevant to us when these become effective.

Effective beginning on or after January 1, 2022

The amendments prohibit entities deducting from the cost of an item of property, plant and equipment, any proceeds from selling items produced while bringing that asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management. Instead, an entity recognizes the proceeds from selling such items, and the costs of producing those items, in profit or loss.

The amendment is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2022 and must be applied retrospectively to items of property, plant and equipment made available for use on or after the beginning of the earliest period presented when the entity first applies the amendment.

The amendments will have no significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

The amendments specify which costs an entity needs to include when assessing whether a contract is onerous or loss-making. The amendments apply a 'directly related cost approach'. The costs that relate directly to a contract to provide goods or services include both incremental costs and an allocation of costs directly related to contract activities. General and administrative costs do not relate directly to a contract and are excluded unless they are explicitly chargeable to the counterparty under the contract.

The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2022. We will apply these amendments to contracts for which it has not yet fulfilled all its obligations at the beginning of the annual reporting period in which it first applies the amendments.

We are currently assessing the impact of the amendments on our consolidated financial statements.

The amendments are intended to replace a reference to the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements, issued in 1989, with a reference to the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting issued in March 2018 without significantly changing its requirements. The amendments added an exception to the recognition principle of PFRS 3, Business Combinations to avoid the issue of potential 'day 2'gains or losses arising for liabilities and contingent liabilities that would be within the scope of PAS 37, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets or International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee 21, Levies, if incurred separately.

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At the same time, the amendments add a new paragraph to PFRS 3 to clarify that contingent assets do not qualify for recognition at the acquisition date.

The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2022 and apply prospectively.

We are currently assessing the impact of the amendments on our consolidated financial statements.

Annual Improvements to PFRSs 2018-2020 Cycle

The amendment permits a subsidiary that elects to apply paragraph D16(a) of PFRS 1 to measure cumulative translation differences using the amounts reported by the parent, based on the parent's date of transition to PFRS. This amendment is also applied to an associate or joint venture that elects to apply paragraph D16(a) of PFRS 1.

The amendment is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2022 with earlier adoption permitted.

The amendments will have no significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

The amendment clarifies the fees that an entity includes when assessing whether the terms of a new or modified financial liability are substantially different from the terms of the original financial liability. These fees include only those paid or received between the borrower and the lender, including fees paid or received by either the borrower or lender on the other's behalf. An entity applies the amendment to financial liabilities that are modified or exchanged on or after the beginning of the annual reporting period in which the entity first applies the amendment.

The amendment is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2022 with earlier adoption permitted. We will apply the amendments to financial liabilities that are modified or exchanged on or after the beginning of the annual reporting period in which the entity first applies the amendment.

The amendments will have no significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

The amendment removes the requirement in paragraph 22 of PAS 41 that entities exclude cash flows for taxation when measuring the fair value of assets within the scope of PAS 41.

An entity applies the amendment prospectively to fair value measurements on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period beginning on or after January 1, 2022 with earlier adoption permitted.

The amendments will have no significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Effective beginning on or after January 1, 2023

The amendments clarify paragraphs 69 to 76 of PAS 1 to specify the requirements for classifying liabilities as current or non-current. The amendments clarify:

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The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023 and must be applied retrospectively.

We are currently assessing the impact the amendments will have on current practice and whether existing loan agreements may require renegotiation.

The amendments are designed to clarify the distinction between changes in accounting estimates and changes in accounting policies and the correction of errors.

In the amended standard, accounting estimates are now defined as, 'monetary amounts in financial statements that are subject to measurement uncertainty'. It also explains how entities use measurement techniques and inputs to develop accounting estimates and states that these can include estimation and valuation techniques.

The amendments also clarify that the effects on an accounting estimate of a change in an input or a change in a measurement technique are changes in accounting estimates if they do not result from the correction of prior period errors.

The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023 and changes in accounting policies and changes in accounting estimates that occur on or after the start of that period. Earlier application is permitted

The amendments will have no significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

The amendments provide guidance and examples to help entities apply materiality judgments to accounting policy disclosures. The Board also issued amendments to PFRS Practice Statement 2 Making Materiality Judgements (the PS) to support the amendments in PAS 1 by explaining and demonstrating the application of the 'four-step materiality process' to accounting policy disclosures. In particular, the amendments aim to help entities provide accounting policy disclosures that are more useful by:

The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023. Earlier application is permitted

We are currently assessing the impact of the amendments to our disclosures on accounting policies.

PFRS 17 is a comprehensive new accounting standard for insurance contracts covering recognition and measurement, presentation and disclosure. Once effective, PFRS 17 will replace PFRS 4, Insurance Contracts. This new standard on insurance contracts applies to all types of insurance contracts (i.e., life, non-life, direct insurance and re-insurance), regardless of the type of entities that issue them, as well as to certain guarantees and financial instruments with discretionary participation features. A few scope exceptions will apply.

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The overall objective of PFRS 17 is to provide an accounting model for insurance contracts that is more useful and consistent for insurers. In contrast to the requirements in PFRS 4, which are largely based on grandfathering previous local accounting policies, PFRS 17 provides a comprehensive model for insurance contracts, covering all relevant accounting aspects. The core of PFRS 17 is the general model, supplemented by:

PFRS 17 is effective for reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023, with comparative figures required. Early application is permitted.

The standard will have no significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Deferred effectivity

The amendments address the conflict between the PFRS 10 and PAS 28 in dealing with the loss of control of a subsidiary that is sold or contributed to an associate or joint venture. The amendments clarify that a full gain or loss is recognized when a transfer to an associate or joint venture involves a business as defined in PFRS 3. Any gain or loss resulting from the sale or contribution of assets that does not constitute a business, however, is recognized only to the extent of unrelated investors' interests in the associate or joint venture.

On January 13, 2016, the FRSC deferred the original effective date of January 1, 2016 of the said amendments until the International Accounting Standards Board completes its broader review of the research project on equity accounting that may result in the simplification of accounting for such transactions and of other aspects of accounting for associates and joint ventures. We are currently assessing the impact of this amendment.

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with PFRS requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of our revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the end of each reporting period. The uncertainties inherent in these assumptions and estimates could result in outcomes that could require a material adjustment to the carrying amount of the assets or liabilities affected in the future years.

Judgments and estimates are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances.

Judgments, key assumptions concerning the future, and other key sources of estimation uncertainty at the end of the reporting period, that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next reporting period are consistent with those applied in the most recent annual financial statements. Selected critical judgments and estimates applied in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements as discussed below:

Judgments

In the process of applying our accounting policies, management has made judgments, apart from those involving estimations which have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in our consolidated financial statements.

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Revenue Recognition

Identifying performance obligations

We identify performance obligations by considering whether the promised goods or services in the contract are distinct goods or services. A good or service is distinct when the customer can benefit from the good or service on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer and our promise to transfer the good or service to the customer is separately identifiable from the other promises in the contract.

Revenues earned from multiple element arrangements offered by our fixed line and wireless businesses are split into separately identifiable performance obligations based on their relative stand-alone selling price in order to reflect the substance of the transaction. The transaction price represents the best evidence of stand-alone selling price for the services we offer since this is the observable price we charge if our services are sold separately. We account for customer contracts in accordance with PFRS 15 and have concluded that the service (telecommunication service) and non-service components (handset or equipment) may be accounted for as separate performance obligations. The handset or equipment is delivered first, followed by the telecommunication service (which is provided over the contract/lock-in period of generally two years). Revenue attributable to the separate performance obligations are based on the allocation of the transaction price relative to the stand-alone selling price.

Installation fees for voice and data services that are not custom built for the subscribers are considered as a single performance obligation together with monthly service fees, recognized over the customer subscription period since the subscriber cannot benefit from the installation services on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the subscriber. On the other hand, installation fees of data services that are custom built for the subscribers are considered as a separate performance obligation and is recognized upon completion of the installation services. Activation fees for both voice and data services are also considered as a single performance obligation together with monthly service fees, recognized over the customer subscription period.

Principal versus agent consideration

We enter into contracts with our customers involving multiple deliverable arrangements. We determined that we control the goods before they are transferred to customers, and we have the ability to direct the use of the inventory. The following factors indicate that we control the goods before they are being transferred to customers. Therefore, we determined that we are the principal in these contracts.

Based on the foregoing, we are considered the principal in our contracts with other service providers except for certain VAS arrangements. We have the primary obligation to provide the services to the subscriber.

Timing of revenue recognition

We recognize revenues from contracts with customers over time or at a point in time depending on our evaluation of when the customer obtains control of the promised goods or services and based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation. For the telecommunication service which is provided over the contract period of two or more years, revenue is recognized monthly as we provide the service because control is transferred over time. For the device which is sold at the inception of the contract, revenue is recognized at the time of delivery because control is transferred at a point in time.

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Identifying methods for measuring progress of revenue recognized over time

We determine the appropriate method of measuring progress which is either through the use of input or output methods. Input method recognizes revenue on the basis of the entity's efforts or inputs to the satisfaction of a performance obligation while output method recognizes revenue on the basis of direct measurements of the value to the customer of the goods or services transferred to date.

Revenue from telecommunication services is recognized through the use of input method wherein recognition is over time based on the customer subscription period since the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits as the seller renders the services.

Significant financing component

We concluded that the handset component included in contracts with customers has a significant financing component considering the period between the time of the transfer of control over the handset and the customer's payment of the price of the handset, which is more than one year.

In determining the interest to be applied to the amount of consideration, we concluded that the interest rate is the market interest rate adjusted with credit spread to reflect the customer credit risk that is commensurate with the rate that would be reflected in a separate financing transaction between us and our customer at contract inception.

Estimation of stand-alone selling price

We assessed that the service and non-service components represent separate performance obligations and thus, the amount of revenues should be recognized based on the allocation of the transaction price to the different performance obligations based on their stand-alone selling prices. The stand-alone selling price is the price at which we sell the good or service separately to a customer. However, if goods or services are not currently offered separately, we use the adjusted market or cost-plus margin method to determine the stand-alone selling price to be used in the revenue allocation.

In terms of allocation of transaction price between performance obligations, we assessed that allocating the transaction price using the stand-alone selling prices of the services and handset will result in more revenue allocated to non-service component. The stand-alone selling price is based on the price in which we regularly sell the non-service and service component in a separate transaction.

Financial Instruments

Evaluation of business models in managing financial instruments

We determine our business model at the level that best reflects how we manage groups of financial assets to achieve our business objective. Our business model is not assessed on an instrument-by-instrument basis, but a higher level of aggregated portfolios and is based on observable factors such as:

The business model assessment is based on reasonably expected scenarios without taking 'worst case' or 'stress case' scenarios into account. If cash flows after initial recognition are realized in a way that is different from our original expectations, we do not change the classification of the remaining financial assets held in that business model, but incorporates such information when assessing newly originated or newly purchased financial assets going forward.

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We have determined that for cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, investment in debt securities and other long-term investments, and trade and other receivables, the business model is to collect the contractual cash flows until maturity. For receivables from MPIC, we have determined that its business model is to both collect contractual cash flows and sale of financial assets.

PFRS 9, however, emphasizes that if more than an infrequent number of sales are made out of a portfolio of financial assets carried at amortized cost, we should assess whether and how such sales are consistent with the objective of collecting contractual cash flows.

Definition of default and credit-impaired financial assets

We define a financial instrument as in default, which is fully aligned with the definition of credit-impaired, when it meets one or more of the following criteria:

For trade receivables and all other financial assets subject to impairment, default occurs when the receivable becomes 90 days past due, except for trade receivables from Corporate subscribers, which are determined to be in default when the receivables become 120 days past due.

The counterparty meets unlikeliness to pay criteria, which indicates the counterparty is in significant financial difficulty. These are instances where:

The criteria above have been applied to all financial instruments, except FVPL, held by us and are consistent with the definition of default used for internal credit risk management purposes. The default definition has been applied consistently to the ECL models throughout our expected loss calculation.

Significant increase in credit risk

At each reporting date, we assess whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk for financial assets since initial recognition by comparing the risk of default occurring over the expected life between the reporting date and the date of initial recognition. We consider reasonable and supportable information that is relevant and available without undue cost or effort for this purpose. This includes quantitative and qualitative information and forward-looking analysis.

An exposure will migrate through the ECL stages as asset quality deteriorates. If, in a subsequent period, asset quality improves and also reverses any previously assessed significant increase in credit risk since origination, then the loss allowance measurement reverts from lifetime ECL to 12-month ECL.

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Using our judgment and, where possible, relevant historical experience, we may determine that an exposure has undergone a significant increase in credit risk based on particular qualitative indicators that we consider are indicative of such and whose effect may not otherwise be fully reflected in its quantitative analysis on a timely basis.

As a backstop, we consider that a significant increase in credit risk occurs no later than when an asset is more than 30 days past due. Days past due are determined by counting the number of days since the earliest elapsed due date in respect of which full payment has not been received. Due dates are determined without considering any grace period that might be available to the counterparty.

Exposures that have not deteriorated significantly since origination, or where the deterioration remains within our investment grade criteria, or which are less than 30 days past due, are considered to have a low credit risk. The provision for credit losses for these financial assets is based on a 12-month ECL. The low credit risk exemption has been applied on debt investments that meet the investment grade criteria of the PLDT Group.

Determination of functional currency

The functional currencies of the entities under the PLDT Group are the currency of the primary economic environment in which each entity operates. It is the currency that mainly influences the revenue from and cost of rendering products and services.

The presentation currency of the PLDT Group is the Philippine Peso. Based on the economic substance of the underlying circumstances relevant to the PLDT Group, the functional currency of all entities under PLDT Group is the Philippine Peso, except for (a) FECL Group, PLDT Global and certain of its subsidiaries, PGNL and certain of its subsidiaries, Chikka and certain of its subsidiaries and PGIC, which uses the U.S. Dollar;
(b) iCommerce, CPL and AGSPL, which uses the Singaporean Dollar; (c) AGS Indonesia, which uses the Indonesian Rupiah; and (d) PLDT Malaysia Sdn Bhd, which uses the Malaysian Ringgit.

Determining the lease term of contracts with renewal and termination options - Company as a Lessee

Upon adoption of PFRS 16, we applied a single recognition and measurement approach for all leases, except for short-term leases and leases of 'low-value' assets. See Section Leases for the accounting policy.

We determine the lease term as the non-cancellable term of the lease, together with any periods covered by an option to extend the lease if it is reasonably certain to be exercised, or any periods covered by an option to terminate the lease, if it is reasonably certain not to be exercised.

We, as the lessee, have the option, under some of our lease agreements to lease the assets for additional terms. We apply judgment in evaluating whether it is reasonably certain to exercise the option to renew. That is, we consider all relevant factors that create an economic incentive for us to exercise the renewal. After the commencement date, we reassess the lease term if there is a significant event or change in circumstances that is within our control and affects our ability to exercise or not to exercise the option to renew or to terminate (e.g., a change in business strategy).

We included the renewal period as part of the lease term for leases such as poles and leased circuits due to the significance of these assets to our operations. These leases have a non-cancellable period (i.e., one to 30 years) and there will be a significant negative effect on our provision of services if a replacement is not readily available. Furthermore, the periods covered by termination options are included as part of these lease term only when they are reasonably certain not to be exercised.

See Note 10 - Leases for information on potential future payments relating to periods following the exercise date of extension and termination options that are not included in the lease term.

Total depreciation of ROU assets amounted to Php1,144 million and Php1,176 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Total lease liabilities amounted to Php20,468 million and Php20,025 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. See Note 10 - Leases and Note 28 - Financial Assets and Liabilities.

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Accounting for investment in Multisys Technologies Corporation, or Multisys

On December 3, 2018, PGIH completed the closing of its investment in Multisys. Out of the Php550 million total consideration for the acquisition of existing shares, PGIH paid Php523 million to the owners of Multisys. On June 3, 2019, the balance of the acquisition consideration amounting to Php27 million was fully paid.Further, PGIH invested Php800 million into Multisys as a deposit for future stock subscription pending the approval by the Philippine SEC of the capital increase of Multisys. On February 1, 2019, the Philippine SEC approved the capital increase of Multisys.

Based on our judgment, at the PLDT Group level, PGIH's investment in Multisys gives PGIH a joint control in Multisys and thus is accounted for as investment in joint venture using the equity method of accounting in accordance with PAS 28, Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures. See Note 11 - Investment in Associates and Joint Ventures - Investment in Joint Ventures - Investment of PGIH in Multisys.

Accounting for investments in MediaQuest Holdings, Inc., or MediaQuest, through Philippine Depositary Receipts, or PDRs

ePLDT made various investments in PDRs issued by MediaQuest in relation to its direct interest in Satventures, Inc., or Satventures, and indirect interest in Cignal TV, Inc., or Cignal TV.

Based on our judgment, at the PLDT Group level, ePLDT's investments in PDRs gives ePLDT a significant influence over Satventures and Cignal TV as evidenced by provision of essential technical information and material transactions among PLDT, Smart, Satventures and Cignal TV, and thus are accounted for as investments in associates using the equity method.

See related discussion on Note 11 - Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures - Investments in Associates - Investment of ePLDT in MediaQuest PDRs.

Assessment of loss of control over VIH

PLDT assesses the consequences of changes in the ownership interest in a subsidiary that may result in a loss of control as well as the consequence of losing control of a subsidiary during the reporting period. Whether or not PLDT retains control over the subsidiary depends on an evaluation of a number of factors that indicate if there are changes to one or more of the three elements of control. When PLDT has less than majority of the voting rights or similar rights to an investee, PLDT considers all relevant facts and circumstances in assessing whether it has power over an investee, including, among others, representation on its board of directors, voting rights, and other rights of other investors, including their participation in significant decisions made in the ordinary course of business.

As a result of the subscription of the new investors in VIH, PCEV's ownership interest was diluted to 48.74% as such and retained only two out of the five Board of Director seats in the investee. Consequently, as at November 28, 2018, PLDT lost its control on VIH and accounted for its remaining interest as investment in an associate. On May 14, 2020, VIH issued Convertible Loan Note Instruments and Warrant Certificates to the Subscribers and on December 31, 2020, the Convertible Note issued to PCEV was converted in full into Class A2 Preferred Shares. Thereafter, PCEV's ownership was diluted from 48.74% to 43.97%.

On May 14, 2020, VIH issued Convertible Loan Note Instruments and Warrant Certificates to the Subscribers and on December 31, 2020, the Convertible Note issued to PCEV was converted in full into Class A2 Preferred Shares. Thereafter, PCEV's ownership was diluted from 48.74% to 43.97%. In March 2021, PCEV and other investors exercised their warrants to subscribe for Class A2 Preferred shares in accordance with the warrant instrument, resulting in further dilution of equity interest to 41.87%.

See Note 11 - Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures - Investments in Associates - Investment of PCEV in VIH.

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Accounting for investments in Vega Telecom Inc., or VTI, Bow Arken Holdings Company, or Bow Arken, and Brightshare Holdings, Inc., or Brightshare

On May 30, 2016, PLDT acquired a 50% equity interest in each of VTI, Bow Arken and Brightshare. See related discussion on Note 11 - Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures - Investments in Joint Ventures. Based on the Memorandum of Agreement, PLDT and Globe Telecom, Inc., or Globe, each have the right to appoint half the members of the Board of Directors of each of VTI, Bow Arken and Brightshare, as well as the (i) co-Chairman of the Board; (ii) co-Chief Executive Officer and President; and (iii) co-Controller where any matter requiring their approval shall be deemed passed or approved if the consents of both co-officers holding the same position are obtained. All decisions of each Board of Directors may only be approved if at least one director nominated by each of PLDT and Globe votes in favor of it.

Based on these rights, PLDT and Globe have joint control over VTI, Bow Arken and Brightshare, which is defined in PFRS 11, Joint Arrangements, as a contractually agreed sharing of control of an arrangement and exists only when decisions about the relevant activities require the unanimous consent of the parties sharing control. Consequently, PLDT and Globe classified the joint arrangement as a joint venture in accordance with PFRS 11 given that PLDT and Globe each have the right to 50% of the net assets of VTI, Bow Arken and Brightshare and their respective subsidiaries.

Accordingly, PLDT accounted for the investment in VTI, Bow Arken and Brightshare using the equity method of accounting in accordance with PAS 28. Under the equity method of accounting, the investment is initially recognized at cost and adjusted thereafter for the post-acquisition change in the investor's share of the investee's net assets. See Note 11 - Investment in Associates and Joint Ventures - Investment in Joint Ventures - Investments of PLDT in VTI, Bow Arken and Brightshare.

Accounting for investment in Beacon Electric Asset Holdings, Inc., or Beacon, under equity method

PAS 28 provides that where an entity holds 20% or more of the voting power (directly or through subsidiaries) of an investee, it will be presumed that the investor has significant influence, unless it can be clearly demonstrated that this is not the case. If the ownership interest is less than 20%, the entity will be presumed not to have significant influence unless such influence can be clearly demonstrated.

PCEV entered into Share Purchase Agreement with MPIC on May 30, 2016 and June 13, 2017, to sell its equity interest in Beacon for a total consideration of Php26,200 million and Php21,800 million, respectively. Upon closing of these sale transactions, MPIC settled portion of the considerations and the balances are being paid in annual installments until June 2021. MPIC agreed that for as long as: (a) PCEV owns at least 20% of the outstanding capital stock of Beacon; or (b) the purchase price has not been fully paid by MPIC, PCEV shall retain the right to vote 50% of the outstanding capital stock of Beacon. The unpaid balance from MPIC is measured at fair value using discounted cash flow valuation method, with interest income to be accreted over the term of the receivable.

After full divestment, PCEV continues to hold its representation in the Board of Directors and participate in decision making. PCEV retained 50% proxy voting right and is presumed to still hold joint control over Beacon. The role of the representative of PCEV in the Board of Directors is not to jointly control the business but to ensure security of the payment of its outstanding receivables. Thus, PCEV will remain to hold significant influence over Beacon. See Note 11 - Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures - Investments in Joint Ventures - Investment of PCEV in Beacon.

Material partly-owned subsidiaries

Our consolidated financial statements include additional information about subsidiaries that have non-controlling interest, or NCI, that are material to us, see Note 6 - Components of Other Comprehensive Loss. We determined material partly-owned subsidiaries as those with balance of NCI greater than 5% of the total equity as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

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Material associates and joint ventures

Our consolidated financial statements include additional information about associates and joint ventures that are material to us. See Note 11 - Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures. We determined material associates and joint ventures are those investees where our carrying amount of investments is greater than 5% of the total investments in associates and joint ventures as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

Determining Taxable Profit, Tax Bases, Unused Tax Losses, Unused Tax Credits and Tax Rates

We assess whether we have any uncertain tax position and applies significant judgment in identifying uncertainties over our income tax treatments. We determined based on our assessment that it is probable that our income tax treatments (including those for the subsidiaries) will be accepted by the taxation authorities.

Corporate Recovery and Tax Incentives for Enterprises Act, or CREATE, Law

President Rodrigo Duterte signed into law on March 26, 2021 Republic Act No. 11534 or the Corporate Recovery and Tax Incentives for Enterprises, or CREATE, Act, which introduced reforms to the corporate income tax and incentives systems. It took effect 15 days after its complete publication in the Official Gazette or in a newspaper of general circulation, or on April 11, 2021.

The CREATEAct provides for the following reduction in corporate income tax rates, among others:

The CREATE Act was not considered substantially enacted as at December 31, 2020 and its passage into law on March 26, 2021 is considered as a non-adjusting subsequent event for 2020. Accordingly, current and deferred taxes as at and for the year ended December 31, 2020 were computed and measured using the applicable tax rates as at December 31, 2020 (i.e. 30% RCIT / 2% MCIT) for financial reporting purposes.

Under the CREATE Act, the lower regular corporate income tax rate of 25% applies retroactively to July 1, 2020.

The above adjustments in income tax provision were recognized in the first quarter of 2021. Meanwhile, the tax rates provided for under the CREATE Act were used for the period ended March 31, 2021.

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Estimates and Assumptions

The key estimates and assumptions concerning the future and other key sources of estimation uncertainty at the end of the reporting period that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities recognized in our consolidated financial statements within the next financial year are discussed below. We based our estimates and assumptions on parameters available when our consolidated financial statements were prepared. Existing circumstances and assumptions about future developments, however, may change due to market changes or circumstances arising beyond our control. Such changes are reflected in the assumptions when they occur.

Leases - Estimating the incremental borrowing rate, or IBR

In calculating the present value of lease payments, we use the IBR at the lease commencement date if the interest rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable. IBR is the rate of interest that a lessee would have to pay to borrow over a similar term, similar security, the funds necessary to obtain an asset of a similar value to the ROU asset in a similar economic environment.

We use benchmark rates from partner banks based on the tenor of our loan borrowings plus a spread adjustment based on our credit worthiness.

Our lease liabilities amounted to Php20,468 million and Php20,025 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. See Note 10 - Leases.

Loss of control over VIH - Fair value measurement of interest retained

A deemed disposal occurs where the proportionate interest of PLDT in a subsidiary is reduced other than by an actual disposal, for example, by the issuance of shares to a third-party investor by the subsidiary. When PLDT no longer has control, the remaining interest is measured at fair value as at the date the control was lost. In determining the fair value of PLDT's retained interest in VIH, we take into account recent transactions and all the facts and circumstances surrounding the transactions such as timing, transaction size, transaction frequency, and motivations of the investors. We carefully assess the accounting implications of the stipulation in the shareholders' agreements and consider whether such a transaction has been made at arm's length. See Note 11 - Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures - Investments in Associates - Investment of PCEV in VIH.

Impairment of non-financial assets

PFRS requires that an impairment review be performed when certain impairment indicators are present. In the case of goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful life, at a minimum, such assets are subject to an impairment test annually and whenever there is an indication that such assets may be impaired. This requires an estimation of the VIU of the CGUs to which these assets are allocated. The VIU calculation requires us to make an estimate of the expected future cash flows from the CGU and to choose a suitable discount rate in order to calculate the present value of those cash flows. See Note 15 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Impairment Testing of Goodwill for the key assumptions used to determine the VIU of the relevant CGUs.

Determining the recoverable amount of property and equipment, ROU assets, investments in associates and joint ventures, goodwill and intangible assets, prepayments and other noncurrent assets, requires us to make estimates and assumptions in the determination of future cash flows expected to be generated from the continued use and ultimate disposition of such assets. Future events could cause us to conclude that property and equipment, investments in associates and joint ventures, intangible assets and other noncurrent assets associated with an acquired business are impaired. Any resulting impairment loss could have a material adverse impact on our financial position and financial performance.

The preparation of estimated future cash flows involves significant estimations and assumptions of future market conditions. While we believe that our assumptions are appropriate and reasonable, significant changes in our assumptions may materially affect our assessment of recoverable values and may lead to future impairment charges under PFRS.

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Therewere no asset impairment recognized on noncurrent assets for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020. See Note 4 - Operating Segment Information, Note 5 - Income and Expenses - Asset Impairment, and Note 9 - Property and Equipment.

The carrying values of our property and equipment, ROU assets, investments in associates and joint ventures, investment properties, goodwill and intangible assets, and prepayments are separately disclosed in Note 9 - Property and Equipment, Note 10 - Leases, Note 11 - Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Note 14 - Investment Properties, Note 15 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets and Note 19 - Prepayments, respectively.

Estimating useful lives of property and equipment

We estimate the useful lives of each item of our property and equipment based on the periods over which our assets are expected to be available for use. Our estimation of the useful lives of our property and equipment is also based on our collective assessment of industry practice, internal technical evaluation and experience with similar assets. The estimated useful lives of each assets are reviewed every year-end and updated if expectations differ from previous estimates due to physical wear and tear, technical or commercial obsolescence and legal or other limitations on the use of our assets. It is possible, however, that future results of operations could be materially affected by changes in our estimates brought about by changes in the factors mentioned above. The amounts and timing of recorded expenses for any period would be affected by changes in these factors and circumstances. A reduction in the estimated useful lives of our property and equipment would increase our recorded depreciation and decrease the carrying amount of our property and equipment.

In 2019, Smart shortened its estimated useful lives of certain network, technology and other equipment, the most significant of which are the 2G technology-related equipment in preparation for the shutdown of said technology. The shutdown is part of our strategy to address increasing demand for data and data centric applications by moving to faster speed LTE and 5G technologies. As a result, Smart recognized additional depreciation expense of Php348 million and Php365 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Smart expects additional depreciation expense arising from the acceleration of the estimated useful lives of the affected equipment amounting to Php1,049 million in 2021 and Php46 million in each of the years 2022 and 2023.

In 2020, Smart shortened its estimated useful lives of certain network, technology and other equipment, the most significant of which are the 3G technology-related equipment in preparation for the shutdown of said technology. The shutdown is the next phase of our strategy to migrate to faster speed LTE and 5G technologies. Smart also shortened the estimated useful lives of certain network equipment as a result of transformation and cost reengineering initiatives. As a result, Smart recognized additional depreciation expense of Php352 million and nil for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Smart expects additional depreciation arising from the acceleration of estimated useful lives of the technology equipment amounting to Php1,054 million in 2021 and Php1,110 million in each of the years from 2022 to 2024.

In 2020, PLDT shortened its estimated useful lives of certain network equipment resulting from the Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line migration projects from copper to fiber-to-the home to improve better quality of service for its existing broadband subscribers and address the growing demand for higher internet speed brought about by work from home and online classes. As a result, PLDT recognized additional depreciation amounting to Php1,028 million in 2020.

The total depreciation and amortization of property and equipment amounted to Php10,577 million and Php9,110 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Total carrying values of property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization, amounted to Php270,964 million and Php260,868 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. See Note 4 - Operating Segment Information and Note 9 - Property and Equipment.

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Estimating useful lives of intangible assets with finite lives

Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their expected useful lives using the straight-line method of amortization. At a minimum, the amortization period and the amortization method for an intangible asset with a finite useful life are reviewed at least at each financial year-end. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are accounted for by changing the amortization period or method, as appropriate, and treated as changes in accounting estimates. The amortization expense on intangible assets with finite lives is recognized in our consolidated income statements.

In October 2020, we implemented the rebranding of Sun Prepaid into Smart Prepaid. As a result, the 'Sun Cellular' trademark of DMPI which was previously projected to be of continued use and was accordingly estimated to be with indefinite life is now treated as with finite life and is amortized over a period of 12 months starting August 2020. See Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Sun Prepaid Rebranding to Smart Prepaid and Note 15 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Amortization of Sun Cellular Trademark.

The total amortization of intangible assets with finite lives amounted to Php1,175 million and Php176 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Total carrying values of intangible assets with finite lives amounted to Php2,775 million and Php3,950 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. See Note 4 - Operating Segment Information, Note 5 - Income and Expenses - Selling, General and Administrative Expenses and Note 15 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets.

Recognition of deferred income tax assets

We review the carrying amounts of deferred income tax assets at the end of each reporting period and reduce these to the extent that these are no longer probable that sufficient taxable income will be available to allow all or part of the deferred income tax assets to be utilized. Our assessment on the recognition of deferred income tax assets on deductible temporary differences is based on the level and timing of forecasted taxable income of the subsequent reporting periods. This forecast is based on our past results and future expectations on revenues and expenses as well as future tax planning strategies. Based on this, management expects that we will generate sufficient taxable income to allow all or part of our deferred income tax assets to be utilized.

Based on the above assessment, our consolidated unrecognized deferred income tax assets amounted to Php1,890 million and Php1,940 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Total consolidated provision from deferred income tax amounted to Php1,446 million and Php1,750 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Total consolidated recognized net deferred income tax assets amounted to Php15,252 million and Php19,556 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. See Note 4 - Operating Segment Information and Note 7 - Income Taxes.

Estimating allowance for ECLs

ECLs are derived from unbiased and probability-weighted estimates of expected loss, and are measured as follows:

We leverage existing risk management indicators (e.g. internal credit risk classification and restructuring triggers), credit risk rating changes and reasonable and supportable information which allow us to identify whether the credit risk of financial assets has significantly increased.

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The ECL is measured on either a 12-month or lifetime basis depending on whether a significant increase in credit risk has occurred since initial recognition. We consider the probability of our counterparty to default its obligation and the expected loss at default after considering the effects of collateral, any potential value when realized and time value of money. We consider the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the operations and financial standing of the counterparties during our assessment on significant increase in credit risk. Based on our assessment, there is no significant increase in credit risk and the ECL for these financial assets under general approach are measured on a 12-month basis.

The assumptions underlying the ECL calculation are monitored and reviewed on a quarterly basis.

The simplified approach does not require the tracking of changes in credit risk, but instead requires the recognition of lifetime ECL. For trade receivables and contract assets, we use the simplified approach for calculating ECL. We have considered similarities in underlying credit risk characteristics and behavior in determining the groupings of various customer segments.

We used historically observed default rates and adjusted these historical credit loss experience with forward-looking information. At every reporting date, the historical default rates are updated and changes in the forward-looking estimates are analyzed.

There have been no significant changes in the estimation techniques used for calculating ECL on trade and other receivables and contract assets. However, we considered incorporating new macro-economic assumptions and updated the probability weights assigned used in the calculation of ECL to reflect the impact of changes in the economic conditions in 2021 and 2020 resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic. The changes resulted to higher provision for ECL for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.

We incorporated forward-looking information into both our assessment of whether the credit risk of an instrument has increased significantly since its initial recognition and our measurement of ECL.

To do this, management considered a range of relevant forward-looking macro-economic assumptions and probability weights for the determination of unbiased general industry adjustments and any related specific industry adjustments that support the calculation of ECLs.

The macro-economic factors are aligned with information used by us for other purposes such as strategic planning and budgeting.

The probability weights used in the calculation of ECLs cover a range of possible outcomes and consider the severity of the impact of Covid-19 and the expected timing/duration of the recovery from the pandemic.

We have identified and documented key drivers of credit risk and credit losses of each portfolio of financial instruments and, using an analysis of historical data, has estimated relationships between macro-economic variables and credit risk and credit losses.

Predicted relationship between the key indicators and default and loss rates on various portfolios of financial assets have been developed based on analyzing historical data over the past three to eight years. The methodologies and assumptions including any forecasts of future economic conditions are reviewed regularly.

We have not identified any uncertain event that it has assessed to be relevant to the risk of default occurring but where we are not able to estimate the impact on ECL due to lack of reasonable and supportable information.

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Total provision for expected credit losses for trade and other receivables amounted to Php1,218million and Php907 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021and 2020, respectively. Trade and other receivables, net of allowance for expected credit losses, amounted to Php22,081million and Php22,053 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. See Note 5 - Income and Expenses and Note 17 - Trade and Other Receivables.

Total impairment losses for contract assets amounted to Php98 million and Php68 million for three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Contract assets, net of allowance for expected credit losses, amounted to Php2,472 million and Php2,467 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. See Note 5 - Income and Expenses.

A broad range of forward-looking information were considered as economic inputs such as the gross domestic product, or GDP, inflation rate, unemployment rates, export rates, G20 GDP and G20 inflation rates. For expected credit loss provisions modelled on a collective basis, grouping of exposures is performed on the basis of shared risk characteristics, such that risk exposures within a group are homogeneous. In performing this grouping, there must be sufficient information for the PLDT Group to be statistically acceptable. Where sufficient information is not available internally, then we have considered benchmarking internal/external supplementary data to use for modelling purposes. The characteristics and any supplementary data used to determine groupings are outlined below.

Trade receivables - Groupings for collective measurement

The following credit exposures are assessed individually:

Estimating pension benefit costs and other employee benefits

The cost of defined benefit and present value of the pension obligation are determined using the projected unit credit method. An actuarial valuation includes making various assumptions which consists, among other things, discount rates, rates of compensation increases and mortality rates. Further, our accrued benefit cost is affected by the fair value of the plan assets. Key assumptions used to estimate fair value of the unlisted equity investments included in the plan assets consist of revenue growth rate, direct costs, capital expenditures, discount rates and terminal growth rates. See Note 26 - Pension and Other Employee Benefits. Due to complexity of valuation, the underlying assumptions and its long-term nature, a defined benefit obligation is highly sensitive to changes in assumptions. While we believe that our assumptions are reasonable and appropriate, significant differences in our actual experience or significant changes in our assumptions may materially affect our cost for pension and other retirement obligations. All assumptions are reviewed every year-end.

Net consolidated pension benefit costs amounted to Php556 million and Php479 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The prepaid benefit costs amounted to Php1,021 million each as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. The accrued benefit costs amounted to Php11,659 million and Php13,342 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. See Note 5 - Income and Expenses - Compensation and Employee Benefits, Note 19 - Prepayments and Note 26 - Pension and Other Employee Benefits.

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Cycle 1 TIP

On September 26, 2017, the Board of Directors of PLDT approved the TIP which intends to provide incentive compensation to key officers, executives and other eligible participants who are consistent performers and contributors to the Company's strategic and financial goals. The incentive compensation will be in the form of Performance Shares, PLDT common shares of stock, which will be released in three annual grants on the condition, among others, that pre-determined consolidated core net income targets are successfully achieved over three annual performance periods from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2019. On September 26, 2017, the Board of Directors approved the acquisition of 860 thousand Performance Shares to be awarded under the TIP. On March 7, 2018, the ECC of the Board approved the acquisition of additional 54 thousand shares, increasing the total Performance Shares to 914 thousand. Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company, or Metrobank, through its Trust Banking Group, is the appointed Trustee of the trust established for purposes of the TIP. The Trustee is designated to acquire the PLDT common shares in the open market through the facilities of the PSE and administer their distribution to the eligible participants subject to the terms and conditions of the TIP.

On December 11, 2018, the ECC, of the Board approved Management's recommended modifications to the Plan, and partial equity and cash settled set-up was implemented for the 2019 TIP Grant. The revised set-up includes a fixed number of shares that will be granted ('equity award') and the estimated fair value of the difference between the number of shares granted in the original equity grant and the equity award will be paid in cash ('cash award'). The fair value of the award is determined at each reporting date using the estimated fair value of the corresponding shares.

As at May 6, 2021, a total of 757 thousand PLDT common shares have been acquired by the Trustee, of which 238 thousand PLDT common shares have been released on March 12, 2020, April 7, 2020 and January 19, 2021 for the 2019 annual grant, and 302 thousand PLDT common shares have been released on March 28, 2019 for the 2018 annual grant, and 204 thousand shares on April 15, 2018 for the 2017 annual grant. The cash award for the 2019 annual grant that was paid on March 12, 2020 amounted to Php654 million. The TIP is administered by the ECC of the Board.

Cycle 2 TIP

On August 7, 2020, the ECC approved the adjusted TIP that covers the years 2020 and 2021, and will be settled in cash. The cash grant will be for the two years covered and payment will be in 2022. The Cycle 2 TIP will be based on the achievement of the CCNI for the years 2020 and 2021.

This other long-term employee benefit liability is recognized and measured using the projected unit credit method and to be amortized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period.

The expense accrued for the TIP amounted to Php297 million and Php210 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The accrued incentive payable, representing the cash settled set-up amounted to Php1,428 million and Php1,134 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. See Note 5 - Income and Expenses - Compensation and Employee Benefits and Note 26 - Pension and Other Employee Benefits - Other Long-term Employee Benefits.

Provision for asset retirement obligations

Provision for asset retirement obligations are recognized in the period in which these are incurred if a reasonable estimate can be made. This requires an estimation of the cost to restore or dismantle on a per square meter basis, depending on the location, and is based on the best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the obligation at the future restoration or dismantlement date, discounted using a pre-tax rate that reflects the current market assessment of the time value of money and, where appropriate, the risk specific to the liability. Total provision for asset retirement obligations amounted to Php2,055 million and Php2,000 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. See Note 22 - Deferred Credits and Other Noncurrent Liabilities.

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Provision for legal contingencies and tax assessments

We are currently involved in various legal proceedings and tax assessments. Our estimates of the probable costs for the resolution of these claims have been developed in consultation with our counsel handling the defense in these matters and are based upon our analysis of potential results. We currently do not believe these proceedings could materially reduce our revenues and profitability. It is possible, however, that future financial position and performance could be materially affected by changes in our estimates or effectiveness of our strategies relating to these proceedings and assessments. See Note 27 - Provisions and Contingencies.

Based on management's assessment, appropriate provisions were made; however, management has decided not to disclose further details of these provisions as they may prejudice our position in certain legal proceedings.

Determination of fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities

When the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities recorded in our consolidated statements of financial position cannot be measured based on quoted prices in active markets, their fair value is measured using valuation techniques including the discounted cash flows model. The inputs to these models are taken from observable markets where possible, but where this is not feasible, a degree of judgment is required in establishing fair values. The judgments include considerations of inputs such as liquidity risk, credit risk and volatility. Changes in assumptions about these factors could affect the reported fair value of financial instruments.

Other than those whose carrying amounts are reasonable approximations of fair values, total fair values of noncurrent financial assets and noncurrent financial liabilities as at March 31, 2021 amounted to Php4,022 million and Php223,276 million, respectively, while the total fair values of noncurrent financial assets and noncurrent financial liabilities as at December 31, 2020 amounted to Php3,274 million and Php217,291 million, respectively. See Note 28 - Financial Assets and Liabilities.

Operating segments are components of the PLDT Group that engage in business activities from which they may earn revenues and incur expenses (including revenues and expenses relating to transactions with other components of PLDT Group). The operating results of these operating segments are regularly reviewed by the Management Committee to make decisions about how resources are to be allocated to each of the segments and to assess their performances, and for which discrete financial information is available.

For management purposes, we are organized into business units based on our products and services. We have three reportable operating segments as follows:

See Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for further discussion.

The chief operating decision maker, which we refer to as the Management Committee monitors the operating results of each business unit separately for purposes of making decisions about resource allocation and performance assessment. Segment performance is evaluated based on net income for the year; earnings before interest, taxes, and depreciation and amortization, or EBITDA; EBITDA margin; and core income. Net income for the year is measured consistent with net income in our consolidated financial statements.

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EBITDA for the year is measured as net income excluding depreciation and amortization, amortization of intangible assets, asset impairment on noncurrent assets, financing costs - net, interest income, equity share in net earnings (losses) of associates and joint ventures, foreign exchange gains (losses) - net, gains (losses) on derivative financial instruments - net, provision for (benefit from) income tax and other income (expenses) - net.

EBITDA margin for the year is measured as EBITDA divided by service revenues.

Core income for the year is measured as net income attributable to equity holders of PLDT (net income less net income attributable to noncontrolling interests), excluding foreign exchange gains (losses) - net, gains (losses) on derivative financial instruments - net (excluding hedge costs), asset impairment on noncurrent assets, other non-recurring gains (losses), net of tax effect of aforementioned adjustments, as applicable, and similar adjustments to equity share in net earnings (losses) of associates and joint ventures.

Segment revenues, segment expenses and segment results include transfers between business segments. These transfers are eliminated in full upon consolidation.

Core earnings per common share, or core EPS, for the year is measured as core income divided by the weighted average number of outstanding common shares. See Note 8 - Earnings Per Common Share for the weighted average number of common shares.

EBITDA, EBITDA margin, core income and core EPS are non-PFRS measures.

The amounts of segment assets and liabilities and segment profit or loss are based on measurement principles that are similar to those used in measuring the assets and liabilities and profit or loss in our consolidated financial statements, which is in accordance with PFRS.

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The segment revenues, net income, and other segment information of our reportable operating segments for the three months ended March 31, 2021and 2020, and as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:

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The following table shows the reconciliation of our consolidated net income to our consolidated EBITDA for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

The following table shows the reconciliation of our consolidated net income to our consolidated core income for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

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The following table shows the reconciliation of our consolidated basic and diluted core EPS to our consolidated basic and diluted EPS attributable to common equity holder of PLDT for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

The following table presents our revenues from external customers by category of products and services for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

Disclosure of the geographical distribution of our revenues from external customers and the geographical location of our total assets are not provided since majority of our consolidated revenues are derived from our operations within the Philippines.

There is no revenue transaction with a single external customer that accounted for 10% or more of our consolidated revenues from external customers for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.

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Revenues from Contracts with Customers

Disaggregation of Revenue

We derived our revenue from the transfer of goods and services over time and at a point in time in the following major product lines. This is consistent with the revenue information that is disclosed for each reportable segment under PFRS 8, Operating Segments. See Note 4 - Operating Segment Information.

Set out is the disaggregation of PLDT Group's revenues from contracts with customers for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

Contract Balances

Contract balances as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 consists of the following:

The increase in gross trade and other receivables of Php1,186 million as at March 31, 2021 was primarily due to the billing of new connections.

The increase of Php38 million in contract assets as at March 31, 2021 was due to the activation of device plans with higher subsidy.

The increase of Php1,245 million in contract liabilities and unearned revenues as at March 31, 2021 is related to the overall higher revenues from postpaid and prepaid subscribers due to the increase in demand as a result of the Covid-19 restrictions.

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Set out below is the movement in the allowance for expected credit losses of contracts assets for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Changes in the contract liabilities and unearned revenues accounts for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and for the year ended December 31, 2020 are as follows:

The contract liabilities and unearned revenues accounts as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:

As at March 31, 2021, the noncurrent and current portion of contract liabilities and unearned revenues amounted to Php1,126 million and Php9,690 million, respectively, while as at December 31, 2020, the noncurrent and current portion of contract liabilities and unearned revenues amounted to Php976 million and Php8,595 million, respectively.

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Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 consist of the following:

Compensation and Employee Benefits

Compensation and employee benefits for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 consist of the following:

Over the past several years, we have been implementing the MRP in line with our continuing efforts to reduce the cost base of our businesses. The decision to implement the MRP was a result of challenges faced by our businesses as significant changes in technology, increasing competition, and shifting market preferences have reshaped the future of our businesses. The MRP is being implemented in compliance with the Labor Code of the Philippines and all other relevant labor laws and regulations in the Philippines.

Cost of Sales and Services

Cost of sales and services for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 consist of the following:

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Asset Impairment

Asset impairment for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 consist of the following:

Other Income (Expenses) - Net

Other income (expenses) - net for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 consist of the following:

Interest Income

Interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 consist of the following:

Financing Costs - Net

Financing costs - net for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 consist of the following:

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Changes in other comprehensive loss under equity of our consolidated statements of financial position for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:

Revaluation increment on investment properties pertains to the difference between the carrying value and fair value of property and equipment transferred to investment property at the time of change in classification.

Corporate Income Tax

The major components of consolidated net deferred income tax assets and liabilities recognized in our consolidated statements of financial position as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:

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The components of our consolidated net deferred income tax assets and liabilities as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:

Changes in our consolidated net deferred income tax assets (liabilities) as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:

The impact of the change in tax rates in our deferred income tax assets and liabilities under the CREATE law is included in the deferred income tax assets charged directly to other comprehensive income and provision for deferred income tax.

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The analysis of our consolidated net deferred income tax assets as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:

The analysis of our consolidated net deferred income tax liabilities as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:

Provision for income tax for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 consist of:

The impact of the application of MCIT amounting to nil and Php536 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, was considered in the provisions for current and deferred income taxes.

The reconciliation between the provision for income tax at the applicable statutory tax rate and the actual provision for corporate income tax for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:

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The breakdown of our consolidated deductible temporary differences, carryforward benefits of unused tax credits from excess of MCIT over RCIT, and NOLCO (excluding those not recognized due to the adoption of the OSD method) for which no deferred income tax assets were recognized and the equivalent amount of unrecognized deferred income tax assets as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:

DMPI and ePLDT availed of the OSD method in computing their taxable income. This assessment is based on projected taxable profits at a level where it is favorable to use OSD method. These Companies are also expected to avail of the OSD method in the foreseeable future. Thus, certain deferred income tax assets of DMPI and ePLDT amounting to Php164 million and Php209 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, were not recognized. Meanwhile, the deferred income tax liability not recognized due to OSD amounting to Php176 million and Php234 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, pertains to the gain on fair value adjustment of PCEVs investment to VIH as PCEV expects to use the OSD method in computing its taxable income in the future when said gain is realized.

Our consolidated deferred income tax assets have been recorded to the extent that such consolidated deferred income tax assets are expected to be utilized against sufficient future taxable profit. Deferred income tax assets shown in the preceding table were not recognized as we believe that future taxable profit will not be sufficient to realize these deductible temporary differences and carryforward benefits of unused tax credits from excess of MCIT over RCIT, and NOLCO in the future.

The breakdown of our consolidated excess MCIT and NOLCO as at March 31, 2021 are as follows:

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The excess MCIT totaling Php66 million as at March 31, 2021 can be deducted against future RCIT liability. The excess MCIT that was deducted against RCIT amounted to nil and Php536 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. No excess MCIT expired for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.

NOLCO totaling Php1,597 million as at March 31, 2021 can be claimed as deduction against future taxable income. The NOLCO claimed as deduction against taxable income amounted to Php192 million and Php1,018 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The amount of expired NOLCO amounted to nil and Php28 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Republic Act No. 11494 Bayanihan to Recover as One Act, or Bayanihan II

Republic Act No. 11494, otherwise known as the Bayanihan to Recover as One Act, or Bayanihan II, was signed by the President on September 11, 2020. It contains the government's second wave of relief measures to address the health and economic crises stemming from the Covid-19 outbreak.

As part of mitigating the costs and losses stemming from the disruption of economic activities, Bayanihan II extends the carry-over of the NOLCO incurred in 2020 and 2021 as deductions from gross income for the next five consecutive taxable years immediately following the year of the loss. Hence, the carry-over period for the expiration of NOLCO incurred in 2020 and 2021 amounting to Php188 million and Php78 million, respectively, has been extended to five years from the previous three years.

Registration with Subic Bay Freeport Zone and Clark Special Economic Zone Enterprise Zone

SubicTel and ClarkTel are registered with the Subic Bay Freeport Zone and the Clark Special Economic Zone, or Economic Zones, respectively, under Republic Act No. 7227 otherwise known as the Bases Conversion and Development Act of 1992. As registrants, SubicTel and ClarkTel are entitled to all the rights, privileges and benefits established thereunder including tax and duty-free importation of capital equipment and a special income tax rate of 5% of gross income, as defined in Republic Act No. 7227.

Our consolidated income derived from non-registered activities within the Economic Zones is subject to the RCIT rate at the end of the reporting period.

The following table presents information necessary to calculate the EPS for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

Basic EPS amounts are calculated by dividing our consolidated net income for the period attributable to common equity holders of PLDT (consolidated net income adjusted for dividends on all series of preferred shares, except for dividends on preferred stock subject to mandatory redemption) by the weighted average number of common shares issued and outstanding during the year.

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Diluted EPS amounts are calculated in the same manner assuming that, at the beginning of the year or at the time of issuance during the year, all outstanding options are exercised, and convertible preferred shares are converted to common shares, and appropriate adjustments to our consolidated net income are effected for the related income and expenses on preferred shares. Outstanding stock options will have a dilutive effect only when the average market price of the underlying common share during the period exceeds the exercise price of the stock option.

Convertible preferred shares are deemed dilutive when required dividends declared on each series of convertible preferred shares divided by the number of equivalent common shares, assuming such convertible preferred shares are converted to common shares, decreases the basic EPS. As such, the diluted EPS is calculated by dividing our consolidated net income attributable to common shareholders (consolidated net income, adding back any dividends and/or other charges recognized for the period related to the dilutive convertible preferred shares classified as liability, less dividends on non-dilutive preferred shares except for dividends on preferred stock subject to mandatory redemption) by the weighted average number of common shares excluding the weighted average number of common shares held as treasury shares, and including the common shares equivalent arising from the conversion of the dilutive convertible preferred shares and from the mandatory tender offer for all remaining Digitel shares.

Where the effect of the assumed conversion of the preferred shares and the exercise of all outstanding options have an anti-dilutive effect, basic and diluted EPS are stated at the same amount.

Changes in property and equipment account for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and for the year ended December 31, 2020 are as follows:

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Interest capitalized to property and equipment that qualified as borrowing costs amounted to Php376 million and Php391 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. See Note 5 - Income and Expenses - Financing Costs - Net. The average interest capitalization rate used was approximately 4% and 5% for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Our net foreign exchange differences, which qualified as borrowing costs, amounted to Php8 million and nil for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

The cost of fully depreciated property and equipment that are still being used in the Group's operations amounted to Php75,623 million and Php73,995 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

As at March 31, 2021, the estimated useful lives of our property and equipment are as follows:

Group as a Lessee

We have lease contracts for various items of sites, buildings, leased circuits and poles used in our operations. We considered in the lease term the non-cancellable period of the lease together with the periods covered by an option to extend and option to terminate the lease.

Our consolidated estimated useful lives of ROU assets as at March 31, 2021 are as follows:

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Our consolidated rollforward analysis of ROU assets as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:

The following amounts are recognized in our consolidated income statements for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

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Our consolidated rollforward analysis of lease liabilities as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:

We had total cash outflows for leases of Php1,924 million and Php1,788 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We also had non-cash additions to ROU assets of Php1,977 million and Php9,335 million, respectively, as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. We had non-cash additions to lease liabilities of Php1,977 million and Php11,122 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The future cash outflows relating to leases that have not yet commenced are disclosed in Note 29 - Notes to the Statements of Cash Flows.

We have entered into several lease contracts that include automatic extension and termination options. These options are negotiated by us to provide flexibility in managing the leased-asset portfolio and align with our business needs. However, in some of these lease contracts, we did not impute the renewal period in our assessment of the lease terms of these contracts since said renewal period is not yet reasonably estimable at the time of transition or commencement date of the lease, see Note 3 - Managements Use of Accounting Judgments, Estimates and Assumptions - Determining the lease term of contracts with renewal and termination options - Company as a Lessee.

Group as a Lessor

We have entered into operating leases on our investment property portfolio consisting of certain office buildings and business offices. See Note 14 - Investment Properties. These leases have term of five years. All leases include a clause to enable upward revision of the rental charge on annual basis according to prevailing market conditions. The lessee is also required to provide a residual guarantee on the properties. Rental income recognized by us amounted to Php11 million and Php14 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Future minimum rentals receivable under non-cancellable operating leases as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows.

Sale and Leaseback

On January 28, 2020, PLDT was authorized by the Board of Directors to negotiate and enter into a contract for the sale of Smart Towers Property. The transaction is subject to the compulsory notification process of the Philippine Competition Commission, or PCC, pursuant to Sections 12(b) and 16 of the Philippine Competition Act.

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After undertaking the compulsory notification process, PLDT on September 3, 2020 received the PCC Decision No. 16-M-013/2020 stating that the PCC resolves to take no further action on the transaction considering that it will not likely result in substantial lessening of competition due to the existence of sufficient competitive constraints.

On October 5, 2020, PLDT signed the sale agreement with the buyer and received in full the consideration of Php5,500 million plus 12% VAT. The sale does not include the telecommunication assets owned or used by PLDT and Smart that are located in the Smart Headquarters. Smart, the current lessee of the property, continues to occupy the property pursuant to a new contract of lease with the buyer executed on October 5, 2020. The sale and leaseback resulted to a gain of Php3,275 million. The new contract of lease is for a period of five years and stipulates that the lessee has the option to pre-terminate without penalty after the second-year subject to a 12-month notice.

As at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, this account consists of:

Changes in the cost of investments for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and for the year ended December 31, 2020 are as follows:

Changes in the accumulated impairment losses for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and for the year ended December 31, 2020 are as follows:

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Changes in the accumulated equity share in net earnings (losses) of associates and joint ventures as at March 31, 2021 and for the year ended December 31, 2020 are as follows:

Investments in Associates

Investment of ePLDT in MediaQuest PDRs

In 2012, ePLDT made deposits totaling Php6 billion to MediaQuest, an entity wholly-owned by the PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund, for the issuance of PDRs by MediaQuest in relation to its indirect interest in Cignal TV. Cignal TV is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Satventures, which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of MediaQuest incorporated in the Philippines. The Cignal TV PDRs confer an economic interest in common shares of Cignal TV indirectly owned by MediaQuest, and when issued, will provide ePLDT with a 40% economic interest in Cignal TV. Cignal TV operates a direct-to-home, or DTH, Pay-TV business under the brand name 'Cignal TV', which is the largest DTH Pay-TV operator in the Philippines.

In June 2013, ePLDT's Board of Directors approved additional investments in PDRs of MediaQuest:

The Php6 billion Cignal TV PDRs and Php3.6 billion Satventures PDRs were issued on September 27, 2013. These PDRs provided ePLDT an aggregate of 64% economic interest in Cignal TV.

On February 19, 2014, ePLDT's Board of Directors approved an additional investment of up to Php500 million in Hastings PDRs to be issued by MediaQuest. On March 11, 2014, MediaQuest received from ePLDT an amount aggregating to Php300 million representing additional deposits for future PDRs subscription. As at December 31, 2014, total deposit for PDRs subscription amounted to Php2,250 million.

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On May 21, 2015, ePLDT's Board of Directors approved an additional Php800 million investment in Hastings PDRs and settlement of the Php200 million balance of the Php500 million Hastings PDR investment in 2014. Subsequently, on June 1, 2015, the Board of Trustees of the PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund and the Board of Directors of MediaQuest approved the issuance of Php3,250 million Hastings PDRs. This provided ePLDT with 70% economic interest in Hastings. See Note 26 - Pension and Other Employee Benefits - Unlisted Equity Investments - Investment in MediaQuest.

In 2017, an impairment test was carried out for ePLDT's investment in MediaQuest PDRs where it showed that an impairment provision must be recognized. In determining the provision, the recoverable amount of the Print business and Pay TV were determined based on VIU calculations. The VIU calculations were derived from cash flow projections over a period of three to five years based on the 2018 financial budgets approved by the Board of Directors and calculated terminal value.

Using the detailed projections of Print business for five years and applying a terminal value thereafter, ePLDT calculated a recoverable amount of Php1,664 million. Consequently, ePLDT recognized a provision for impairment of its investment in MediaQuest PDRs in relation to its Print business amounting to Php1,784 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, representing the difference between the recoverable amount and the carrying value of the Print business as at December 31, 2017. No impairment provision was recognized for the Pay TV business.

Transfer of Hastings PDRs to PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund

On January 22, 2018, ePLDT's Board of Directors approved the assignment of the Hastings PDRs, representing a 70% economic interest in Hastings to the PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund for a total consideration of Php1,664 million. The assignment was completed on February 15, 2018 and subsequently ePLDT ceased to have any economic interest in Hastings. See Note 26 - Pension and Other Employee Benefits - Unlisted Equity Investments - Investment in MediaQuest.

The PLDT Group's financial investment in PDRs of MediaQuest is part of the PLDT Group's overall strategy of broadening its distribution platforms and increasing the PLDT Group's ability to deliver multimedia content to its customers across the PLDT Group's broadband and mobile networks.

ePLDT's aggregate value of investment in MediaQuest PDRs amounted to Php10,095 million and Php9,914 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. See Note 3 - Management's Use of Accounting Judgments, Estimates and Assumptions - Accounting for investment in MediaQuest through PDRs.

The table below presents the summarized financial information of Satventures as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, and for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

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Investment of PCEV in VIH

Consolidation of the Digital Investments of Smart under PCEV

On February 27, 2018, the Board of Directors of PCEV approved the consolidation of the various Digital Investments under PCEV, which was carried out through the following transactions:

Loss of Control of PCEV over VIH

On October 4, 2018, PLDT, as the ultimate Parent Company of PCEV, VIH, Vision Investment Holdings Pte. Ltd., or Vision, an entity indirectly controlled by KKR and Cerulean Investment Limited, or Cerulean, an entity indirectly owned and controlled by Tencent, entered into subscription agreements under which Vision and Cerulean, or the Lead Investors, will separately subscribe to and VIH will allot and issue to the Lead Investors a total of up to US$175 million Convertible Class A Preferred Shares of VIH, with an option for VIH to allot and issue up to US$50 million Convertible Class A Preferred Shares to such follower investors as may be agreed among VIH, PLDT and the Lead Investors, or the upsize option.

On November 26, 2018, PLDT, IFC and IFC Emerging Asia Fund, or EAF, a fund managed by IFC Asset Management Company, entered into subscription agreements under which IFC and IFC EAF, the follower investors, will separately subscribe to and VIH will allot and issue to the follower investors a total of up to US$40 million Convertible Class A Preferred Shares of VIH pursuant to the upsize option.

The foregoing investment in VIH is not subject to the compulsory merger notification regime under the Philippine Competition Act and its implementing Rules and Regulations. In addition, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas has confirmed that it interposes no objection to the investment.

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On November 28, 2018, VIH received the US$175 million funding from KKR and Tencent. Subsequently, VIH received the US$40 million funding from IFC and IFC EAF. As a result of the foregoing, PCEV's ownership was reduced to 48.74% and retained only two out of the five Board seats in VIH, which resulted in the loss of control over VIH. Consequently, VIH was deconsolidated and the fair market value of the investment amounting to Php10,748 million was recorded as an investment in associate and PCEV recognized gain on deconsolidation amounting to Php12,054 million, which was presented as part of 'Other income (expenses) - net' account in our consolidated income statement.

On April 16, 2020, PLDT, through PCEV, KKR, Tencent, IFC and IFC EAF, or the Subscribers, entered into a new subscription agreement with VIH to commit up to US$120 million of new funding. The Notes Subscription Agreement covers the issuance of VIH's Convertible Loan Notes, or the VIH Notes, with an aggregate principal amount of US$65 million and issuance of Warrants with an aggregate subscription amount of US$55 million.

On May 14, 2020, VIH issued the Convertible Loan Note Instruments and Warrant Certificates to the Subscribers. PCEV paid US$10.8 million for the VIH Notes and received a Warrant Certificate amounting to US$9.2 million. The investments in VIH Note and warrant are both measured at FVPL. PCEV recognized Php90 million and Php18 million gain on revaluation of VIH Note and warrant, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2020.

On December 31, 2020, the VIH Note held by PCEV was converted in full into 7.9 million Class A2 convertible preference shares of VIH at US$1.3685 per share. Thereafter, PCEV's ownership was diluted from 48.74% to 43.97%. The reduction in equity interest, referred to as deemed disposal, resulted in the recognition of Php 394 million dilution gain, which is equivalent to the difference between the fair value of the of the equity interest given up and its carrying value.

On March 12, 2021, PCEV, KKR and Tencent exercised their right to subscribe for additional Class A2 convertible preference shares of VIH in accordance with the warrant instrument issued by VIH. PCEV paid a total exercise price of US$9.2 million on March 29, 2021. As a result, PCEV's ownership was diluted from 43.97% to 41.87% and a gain on deemed disposal amounting to Php324 million was recognized.

VIH will use the funds to support PayMaya's rapid growth as it pursues its plan to accelerate digital and financial inclusion in the Philippines which will enable the wider Filipino population to participate in the digital economy.

The summarized financial information of VIH as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, and for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 is shown below:

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The carrying value of PCEV's investment in VIH amounted to Php7,071 million and Php6,702 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

Investment of Digitel in DCI and ANPC

Digitel has 60% and 40% interest in ANPC and DCI, respectively. DCI is involved in the business of cable system. ANPC is an investment holding company owning 20% of DCI.

In December 2000, Digitel, Pacnet Network (Philippines), Inc., or PNPI, (formerly Asia Global Crossing Ltd.) and BT Group O/B Broadband Infrastructure Group Ltd., or BIG, entered into a joint venture agreement, or JVA, under which the parties agreed to form DCI with each party owning 40%, 40% and 20%, respectively. DCI was incorporated to develop, provide and market backhaul network services, among others.

On April 19, 2001, after BIG withdrew from the proposed joint venture, Digitel and PNPI formed ANPC to replace BIG. Digitel contributed US$2 million, or Php69 million, for a 60% equity interest in ANPC while PNPI owned the remaining 40% equity interest.

Digitel provided full impairment loss on its investment in DCI and ANPC in prior years on the basis that DCI and ANPC have incurred significant recurring losses in the past. In 2011 and 2017, Digitel recorded a reversal of impairment loss amounting to Php92 million and Php201 million, respectively, following improvement in DCI's operations.

Though Digitel owns more than half of the voting interest in ANPC, management has assessed that Digitel only has significant influence, and not control, due to certain governance matters.

Digitel's investment in DCI does not qualify as investment in joint venture as there is no provision for joint control in the JVA among Digitel, PNPI and ANPC.

Following PLDT's acquisition of a controlling stake in Digitel, PNPI, on November 4, 2011, sent a notice to exercise its Call Right under Section 6.3 of the JVA, which provides for a Call Right exercisable by PNPI following the occurrence of a Digitel change in control. As at March 25, 2021, Digitel is ready to conclude the transfer of its investment in DCI and ANPC, subject to PNPI's ability to meet certain regulatory and valuation requirements. This investment is not classified as noncurrent asset held-for-sale at report date as the transfer is assessed as not highly probable because certain conditions have not yet been met by both Digitel and PNPI.

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Investment of PGIC in Beta

On February 5, 2013, PLDT entered into a Subscription and Shareholders' Agreement with Asia Outsourcing Alpha Limited, or Alpha, wherein PLDT, through its indirect subsidiary PGIC, acquired from Alpha approximately 20% equity interest in Beta for a total cost of approximately US$40 million, which consists of preferred shares of US$39.8 million and ordinary shares of US$0.2 million. On various dates in 2013 and 2014, PGIC has bought and transferred-in a net in total of 27 ordinary shares and 9,643 preferred shares to certain employees of Beta for a total net payment of US$51 thousand. In 2014, Beta has divested its healthcare BPO business. PGIC received a total cash distribution of US$41.8 million from Beta through redemption of 35.3 million preferred shares and repayment of loan from PGIC. The equity interest of PGIC in Beta remained at 20% after the transfer with economic interest of 18.32%.

Alpha and Beta are both exempted limited liability companies incorporated under the laws of Cayman Islands and are both controlled by CVC Capital Partners. Beta has been designated to be the ultimate holding company of the SPi Technologies, Inc. and Subsidiaries.

On July 22, 2016, Asia Outsourcing Gamma Limited, or AOGL, entered into a SPA with Relia, Inc., one of the largest BPO companies in Japan, relating to the acquisition of AOGL's Customer Relationship Management, or CRM, business under the legal entity SPi CRM, Inc. and Infocom Technologies, Inc., wholly-owned subsidiaries of SPi Technologies, Inc., for a total purchase consideration of US$190.9 million. AOGL is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Beta and the direct holding company of SPi Technologies, Inc. and Subsidiaries. The transaction was completed on September 30, 2016. As a result of the sale, PGIC received a cash distribution of US$11.2 million from Beta through redemption of its preferred shares and portion of its ordinary shares.

On May 19, 2017, AOGL entered into a SPA with Partners Group, a global private markets investment manager, relating to the acquisition of SPi Global, a wholly-owned subsidiary of AOGL, for an enterprise value of US$330 million. The transaction was completed on August 25, 2017. As a result of the sale, PGIC received a total cash distribution of US$57.05 million from Beta on various dates in 2017 and 2018 through redemption of a portion of its ordinary shares. The remaining balance of US$2.29 million is held in escrow subject to indemnity claims of the buyer.

The carrying value of investment in common shares in Beta amounted to Php34 million and Php33 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The economic interests of PGIC in Beta remained at 18.32% as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

PGIC is a wholly-owned subsidiary of PLDT Global, which was incorporated under the laws of British Virgin Islands.

Investment of Smart in AFPI

In 2013, Smart, along with other conglomerates MPIC and Ayala Corporation, or Ayala, embarked on a venture to bid for the Automated Fare Collection System, or AFCS, a project of the Department of Transportation and Communications, or DOTC, and Light Rail Transit Authority, to upgrade the Light Rail Transit 1 and 2, and Metro Rail Transit ticketing systems.

In 2014, AFPI, the joint venture company, was incorporated in the Philippines and registered with the Philippine SEC. Smart initially subscribed to Php503 million equivalent to 503 million shares at a subscription price of Php1.00 per share representing 20% equity interest, and participated in subsequent capital calls, thereafter. MPIC and Ayala Group signed a ten-year concession agreement with the DOTC to build and implement the AFCS project.

In March 2021, Smart infused additional capital of Php60 million as additional subscription of preferred shares and retained its 20% equity interest in AFPI as at March 31, 2021.

The summary of investments in AFPI made by Smart as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 is shown below:

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Smart's investment in AFPI has been fully impaired as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. Share in net cumulative losses were not recognized as it does not have any legal or constructive obligation to pay for such losses and have not made any payments on behalf of AFPI.

Investment of ACeS Philippines in AIL

As at March 31, 2021, ACeS Philippines held a 36.99% equity interest in AIL, a company incorporated under the laws of Bermuda. AIL owns the Garuda I Satellite and the related system control equipment in Batam, Indonesia. In December 2014, AIL suffered a failure of the propulsion system on board the Garuda I Satellite, thus, AIL decided to decommission the operation of Garuda I Satellite in January 2015.

AIL has incurred significant operating losses, negative operating cash flows, and significant levels of debt. The financial condition of AIL was partly due to the National Service Providers', or NSPs, inability to generate the amount of revenues originally expected as the growth in subscriber numbers has been significantly lower than budgeted. These factors raised substantial doubt about AIL's ability to continue as a going concern. On this basis, we recognized a full impairment provision of Php1,896 million in respect of our investment in AIL in 2003.

In 2019, AIL was dissolved and the investment was written-off from our books.

Share in net cumulative losses were not recognized as we do not have any legal or constructive obligation to pay for such losses and have not made any payments on behalf of AIL.

Summarized financial information of individually immaterial associates

The following tables present the summarized financial information of our individually immaterial investments in associates for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

We did not receive any dividends from our associates for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.

We have no outstanding contingent liabilities or capital commitments with our associates as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

Investments in Joint Ventures

Investments of PLDT in VTI, Bow Arken and Brightshare

On May 30, 2016, the PLDT Board approved the Company's acquisition of 50% equity interest, including outstanding advances and assumed liabilities, in the telecommunications business of San Miguel Corporation, or SMC, with Globe acquiring the other 50% interest. On the same date, PLDT and Globe executed: (i) a

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Share Purchase Agreement, or SPA, with SMC to acquire the entire outstanding capital, including outstanding advances and assumed liabilities, in VTI (and the other subsidiaries of VTI), which holds SMC's telecommunications assets through its subsidiaries, or the VTI Transaction; and (ii) separate SPAs with the owners of two other entities, Bow Arken (the parent company of New Century Telecoms, Inc.) and Brightshare (the parent company of eTelco, Inc.), which separately hold additional spectrum frequencies through their respective subsidiaries, or the Bow Arken Transaction and Brightshare Transaction, respectively. We refer to the VTI Transaction, Bow Arken Transaction and Brightshare Transaction collectively as the SMC Transactions.

The consideration in the amount of Php52.8 billion representing the purchase price for the equity interest and assigned advances of previous owners to VTI, Bow Arken and Brightshare was paid in three tranches: 50% upon signing of the SPAs on May 30, 2016, 25% on December 1, 2016 and the final 25% on May 30, 2017. The SPAs also provide that PLDT and Globe, through VTI, Bow Arken and Brightshare, would assume liabilities amounting to Php17.2 billion from May 30, 2016. In addition, the SPAs contain a price adjustment mechanism based on the variance in these assumed liabilities to be agreed among PLDT, Globe and previous owners on the results of the confirmatory due diligence procedures jointly performed by PLDT and Globe. On May 29, 2017, PLDT and Globe paid the previous owners the net amount of Php2.6 billion in relation to the aforementioned price adjustment based on the result of the confirmatory due diligence. See Note 28 - Financial Assets and Liabilities - Commercial Commitments.

As part of the SMC Transactions, PLDT and Globe acquired certain outstanding advances made by the former owners of VTI, Bow Arken and Brightshare to VTI, Bow Arken and Brightshare or their respective subsidiaries. The largest amounts of the advances outstanding to PLDT since the date of assignment to PLDT amounted to Php11,359 million: (i) Php11,038 million from VTI and its subsidiaries; (ii) Php238 million from Bow Arken and its subsidiaries; and (iii) Php83 million from Brightshare and its subsidiaries.

On February 28, 2017, PLDT and Globe each subscribed to 2.8 million new preferred shares to be issued out of the unissued portion of the existing authorized capital stock of VTI, at a subscription price of Php4 thousand per subscribed share (inclusive of a premium over par of Php3 thousand per subscribed share) or a total subscription price for each of Php11,040 million (inclusive of a premium over par of Php8,280 million). PLDT and Globe's assigned advances from SMC which were subsequently reclassified to deposit for future subscription of each amounting to Php11,040 million were applied as full subscription payment for the subscribed shares.

Also, on the same date, PLDT and Globe each subscribed to 800 thousand new preferred shares of the authorized capital stock of VTI, at a subscription price of Php4 thousand per subscribed share (inclusive of a premium over par of Php3 thousand per subscribed share), or a total subscription price for each Php3,200 million (inclusive of a premium over par of Php2,400 million). PLDT and Globe each paid Php148 million in cash for the subscribed shares. The remaining balance of the subscription price of PLDT and Globe were fully paid as at December 29, 2017.

On December 15, 2017, PLDT and Globe each subscribed to 600 thousand new preferred shares of the authorized capital stock of VTI, at a subscription price of Php5 thousand per subscribed share (inclusive of a premium over par of Php4 thousand per subscribed share), for a total subscription price of Php3,000 million (inclusive of a premium over par of Php2,400 million). PLDT and Globe each paid Php10 million in cash for the subscribed shares upon execution of the agreement. The remaining balance of the subscription price was paid via conversion of advances amounting to Php2,990 million as at December 31, 2017.

The amount of the advances outstanding to PLDT, to cover for the assumed liabilities and working capital requirements of the acquired companies, amounted to Php141 million and Php13 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

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Purchase Price Allocation

PLDT has engaged an independent valuer to determine the fair value adjustments relating to the acquisition. As at May 30, 2016, our share in the fair value of the intangible assets, which includes spectrum, amounted to Php18,885 million and goodwill of Php17,824 million has been determined based on the results of an independent valuation. Goodwill arising from this acquisition and carrying amount of the identifiable assets and liabilities, including deferred tax liability, and the related amortization through equity in net earnings were retrospectively adjusted accordingly.

The table below presents the summarized financial information of VTI, Bow Arken and Brightshare as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, and for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

Notice of Transaction filed with the PCC

On May 30, 2016, prior to closing the transaction, each of PLDT, Globe and SMC submitted notices of the VTI, Bow Arken and Brightshare Transaction (respectively, the VTI Notice, the Bow Arken Notice and the Brightshare Notice and collectively, the Notices) to the PCC pursuant to the Philippine Competition Act, or PCA, and Circular No. 16-001 and Circular No. 16-002 issued by the PCC, or the Circulars. As stated in the Circulars, upon receipt by the PCC of the requisite notices, each of the said transactions shall be deemed approved in accordance with the Circulars.

Subsequently, on June 7, 2016, PLDT and the other parties to the said transactions received separate letters dated June 6 and 7, 2016 from the PCC which essentially stated, that: (a) with respect to VTI Transaction, the VTI Notice is deficient and defective in form and substance, therefore, the VTI Transaction is not 'deemed approved' by the PCC, and that the missing key terms of the transaction are critical since the PCC considers certain agreements as prohibited and illegal; and (b) with respect to the Bow Arken and Brightshare Transactions, the compulsory notification under the Circulars does not apply and that even assuming the Circulars apply, the Bow Arken Notice and the Brightshare Notice are deficient and defective in form and substance.

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On June 10, 2016, PLDT submitted its response to the PCC's letter articulating its position that the VTI Notice is adequate, complete and sufficient and compliant with the requirement under the Circulars and does not contain false material information; as such, the VTI Transaction enjoys the benefit of Section 23 of the PCA. Therefore, the VTI Transaction is deemed approved and cannot be subject to retroactive review by the PCC. Moreover, the parties have taken all necessary steps, including the relinquishment/return of certain frequencies and co-use of the remaining frequencies by Smart and Belltel and Globe and Belltel as discussed above, to ensure that the VTI Transaction will not substantially prevent, restrict or lessen competition to violate the PCA. Nevertheless, in the spirit of cooperation and for transparency, the parties voluntarily submitted to the PCC, among others, copies of the SPAs for the PCC's information and reference.

In a letter dated June 17, 2016, the PCC required the parties to further submit additional documents relevant to the co-use arrangement and the frequencies subject thereto, as well as other definitive agreements relating to the VTI Transaction. It also disregarded the deemed approved status of the VTI Transaction in violation of the Circulars which the PCC itself issued, and insisted that it will conduct a full review, if not investigation of the said transaction under the different operative provisions of the PCA.

In the Matter of the Petition against the PCC

On July 12, 2016, PLDT filed before the Court of Appeals, or CA, a Petition for Certiorari and Prohibition (With Urgent Application for the Issuance of a Temporary Restraining Order, or TRO, and/or Writ of Preliminary Injunction), or the Petition, against the PCC. The Petition sought to enjoin the PCC from proceeding with the review of the acquisition by PLDT and Globe of equity interest, including outstanding advances and assumed liabilities, in the telecommunications business of SMC, or the SMC Transactions, and performing any act which challenges or assails the 'deemed approved' status of the SMC Transactions. On July 19, 2016, the 12^th Division of the CA, issued a Resolution directing the PCC through the Office of the Solicitor General, or the OSG, to file its Comment within a non-extendible period of 10 days from notice and show cause why the Petition should not be granted. On August 11, 2016, the PCC through the OSG, filed its Comment to the Petition (With Opposition to Petitioner's Application for a Writ of Preliminary Injunction).

On August 19, 2016, PLDT filed its Reply to Respondent PCC's Comment. On August 26, 2016, the CA issued a Writ of Preliminary Injunction enjoining and directing the respondent PCC, their officials and agents, or persons acting for and in their behalf, to cease and desist from conducting further proceedings for the pre-acquisition review and/or investigation of the SMC Transactions based on its Letters dated June 7, 2016 and June 17, 2016 during the pendency of the case and until further orders are issued by the CA. On September 14, 2016, the PCC filed a Motion for Reconsideration of the CA's Resolution. During this time, Globe moved to have its Petition consolidated with the PLDT Petition. In a Resolution promulgated on October 19, 2016, the CA: (i) accepted the consolidation of Globe's petition versus the PCC (CA G.R. SP No. 146538) into PLDT's petition versus the PCC (CA G.R. SP No. 146528) with the right of replacement; (ii) admitted the Comment dated October 4, 2016 filed by the PCC; (iii) referred to the PCC for Comment (within 10 days from receipt of notice) PLDT's Urgent Motion for the Issuance of a Gag Order dated September 30, 2016 and to cite the PCC for indirect contempt; and (iv) ordered all parties to submit simultaneous memoranda within a non-extendible period of 15 days from notice. On November 11, 2016, PLDT filed its Memorandum in compliance with the CA's Resolution.

On February 17, 2017, the CA issued a Resolution denying PCC's Motion for Reconsideration dated September 14, 2016, for lack of merit. The CA denied PLDT's Motion to Cite the PCC for indirect Contempt for being premature. In the same Resolution, as well as in a separate Gag Order attached to the Resolution, the CA granted PLDT's Urgent Motion for the Issuance of a Gag Order and directed PCC to remove immediately from its website its preliminary statement of concern and submit its compliance within five days from receipt thereof. All the parties were ordered to refrain, cease and desist from issuing public comments and statements that would violate the sub judice rule and subject them to indirect contempt of court. The parties were also required to comment within ten days from receipt of the Resolution, on the Motion for Leave to Intervene and to Admit the Petition-in-Intervention dated February 7, 2017 filed by Citizenwatch, a non-stock and non-profit association.

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On April 18, 2017, the PCC filed before the Supreme Court a Petition to Annul the Writ of Preliminary Injunction issued by the CA's 12^th Division on August 26, 2016 restraining PCC's review of the SMC Transactions. In compliance with the Supreme Court's Resolution issued on April 25, 2017, PLDT on July 3, 2017 filed its Comment dated July 1, 2017 to the PCC's Petition. The Supreme Court issued a Resolution dated July 18, 2017 noting PLDT's Comment and requiring the PCC to file its Consolidated Reply. The PCC filed a Motion for Extension of Time and prayed that it be granted until October 23, 2017 to file its Consolidated Reply. The PCC filed its Consolidated Reply to the: (1) Comment filed by PLDT; and
(2) Motion to Dismiss filed by Globe on November 7, 2017. The same was noted by Supreme Court in a Resolution dated November 28, 2017.

During the intervening period, the CA rendered its Decision in October 18, 2017, granting the Petitions filed by PLDT and Globe. In its Decision, the CA: (i) permanently enjoined the PCC from conducting further proceedings for the pre-acquisition review and/or investigation of the SMC Transactions based on its Letters dated June 7, 2016 and June 17, 2016; (ii) annulled and set aside the Letters dated June 7, 2016 and June 17, 2016; (iii) precluded the PCC from conducting a full review and/or investigation of the SMC Transactions;
(iv) compelled the PCC to recognize the SMC Transactions as deemed approved by operation of law; and
(v) denied the PCC's Motion for Partial Reconsideration dated March 6, 2017, and directed the PCC to permanently comply with the CA's Resolution dated February 17, 2017 requiring PCC to remove its preliminary statement of concern from its website. The CA clarified that the deemed approved status of the SMC Transactions does not, however, remove the power of PCC to conduct post-acquisition review to ensure that no anti-competitive conduct is committed by the parties.

On November 7, 2017, PCC filed a Motion for Additional Time to file a Petition for Review on Certiorari before the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court granted PCC's motion in its Resolution dated November 28, 2017.

On December 13, 2017, PLDT, through counsel, received the PCC's Petition for Review on Certiorari filed before the Supreme Court assailing the CA's Decision dated October 18, 2017. In this Petition, the PCC raised procedural and substantive issues for resolution. Particularly, the PCC assailed the issuance of the writs of certiorari, prohibition, and mandamus considering that the determination of the sufficiency of the Notice pursuant to the Transitory Rules involves the exercise of administrative and discretionary prerogatives of the PCC. On the substantive aspect, the PCC argued that the CA committed grave abuse of discretion in ruling that the SMC Transactions should be accorded the deemed approved status under the Transitory Rules. The PCC maintained that the Notice of the SMC Transaction was defective because it failed to provide the key terms thereof.

In the Supreme Court Resolution dated November 28, 2017, which was received by PLDT on December 27, 2017, the Supreme Court decided to consolidate the PCC's Petition to Annul the Writ of Preliminary Injunction issued by the CA's 12^th Division with that of its Petition for Review on Certiorari assailing the decision of the CA on the merits.

On February 13, 2018, PLDT received Globe's Motion for Leave to File and Admit the Attached Rejoinder, which was denied by the Supreme Court in a Resolution dated March 13, 2018. On February 27, 2018, PLDT received notice of the Supreme Court's Resolution dated January 30, 2018 directing PLDT and Globe to file their respective Comments to the Petition for Review on Certiorari without giving due course to the same.

On April 5, 2018, PLDT filed its Comment on the Petition for Review on Certiorari. On April 11, 2018, PLDT received Globe's Comment/Opposition [Re: Petition for Review on Certiorari dated December 11, 2017] dated March 4, 2018. On April 24, 2018, PCC's Motion to Expunge [Respondent PLDT's Comment on the Petition for Review on Certiorari] dated April 18, 2018 was received. On May 9, 2018, PLDT filed a Motion for Leave to File and Admit the Attached Comment on the Petition for Review on Certiorari dated May 9, 2018.

On June 5, 2018, PLDT received the Supreme Court's Resolution dated April 24, 2018 granting the motion for extension of PLDT and noting its Comment on the Petition for Review on Certiorari filed in compliance with the Supreme Court's Resolution dated January 30, 2018 and requiring the PCC to file a Consolidated Reply to the comments within ten days from notice. On June 20, 2018, PLDT, through counsel, received PCC's Urgent Omnibus Motion for: (1) Partial Reconsideration of the Resolution dated April 24, 2018; and (2) Additional Time dated June 11, 2018.

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PCC filed its Consolidated Reply Ad Cautelam dated July 16, 2018, which was received on July 19, 2018.On July 26, 2018, PLDT received a Resolution dated June 19, 2018 where the Supreme Court resolved to grant PLDT's Motion for Leave to File and Admit the Attached Comment, and PCC's Motion for Extension to file a Comment/Opposition on/to PLDT's Motion for Leave to File and Admit the Attached Comment.

On August 14, 2018, PLDT received a Resolution dated July 3, 2018 where the Supreme Court resolved to deny the PCC's motion to reconsider the Resolution dated April 24, 2018 and grant its motion for extension of time to file its reply to PLDT's and Globe's Comments, with a warning that no further extension will be given. On August 16, 2018, PLDT received a Resolution dated June 5, 2018 where the Supreme Court noted without action the Motion to Expunge by PCC in view of the Resolution dated April 24, 2018 granting the motion for extension of time to file a comment on the petition in G.R. No. 234969.

On October 4, 2018, PLDT received a Resolution dated August 7, 2018 where the Supreme Court noted the PCC's Consolidated Reply Ad Cautelam.

On July 2, 2020, PLDT received a Resolution dated March 3, 2020 requiring petitioners in G.R. No. 242352 (Atty. Joseph Lemuel Baligod Baquiran and Ferdinand C. Tecson v. NTC, et al.,) to file a Consolidated Reply to the comments on the petition within 10 days from notice.

On September 2, 2020, PLDT received a Resolution dated June 30, 2020 where the Supreme Court resolved to Await the Consolidated Reply of the petitioners in G.R. No. 242352 as required in the resolution dated March 3, 2020.

On November 16, 2020, PLDT received a Resolution of the Supreme Court dated October 6, 2020 which granted the motions filed by the petitioners in G.R. No. 242352 to extend the filing of the Consolidated Reply until September 29, 2020.

On February 8, 2021, PLDT received a Resolution where the Supreme Court noted the Consolidated Reply dated September 29, 2020 filed by the Petitioners in G.R. 242352.

The consolidated petitions remain pending as of the date of this report.

VTI's Tender Offer for the Minority Stockholders' Shares in Liberty Telecom Holdings, Inc., or LIB

On August 18, 2016, the Board of Directors of VTI approved the voluntary tender offer to acquire the common shares of LIB, a subsidiary of VTI, which are held by the remaining minority shareholders, and the intention to delist the shares of LIB from the PSE.

On August 24, 2016, VTI, owner of 87.12% of the outstanding common shares of LIB, undertook the tender offer to purchase up to 165.88 million common shares owned by the remaining minority shareholders, representing 12.82% of LIB's common stock, at a price of Php2.20 per share. The tender offer period ended on October 20, 2016, the extended expiration date, with over 107 million shares tendered, representing approximately 8.3% of LIB's issued and outstanding common shares. The tendered shares were crossed at the PSE on November 4, 2016, with the settlement on November 9, 2016.

The tender offer was undertaken in compliance with the PSE's requirements for the voluntary delisting of LIB common shares from the PSE. The voluntary delisting of LIB was approved by the PSE effective November 21, 2016.

Following the conclusion of the tender offer, VTI now owns more than 95% of the issued and outstanding common shares, and 99.1% of the total issued and outstanding capital stock, of LIB.

Investment of PGIH in Multisys

On November 8, 2018, the PLDT Board of Directors approved the investment of Php2,150 million in Multisys for a 45.73% equity interest through its wholly-owned subsidiary, PGIH. Multisys is a Philippine software development and IT solutions provider engaged in designing, developing, implementing business system solutions and services covering courseware, webpage development and designing user-defined system programming. PGIH's investment involves the acquisition of new and existing shares.

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On December 3, 2018, PGIH completed the closing of its investment in Multisys. Out of the Php550 million total consideration for the acquisition of existing shares, PGIH paid Php523 million to the owners of Multisys. On June 3, 2019, the balance of the acquisition consideration amounting to Php27 million was fully paid. Further, PGIH invested Php800 million into Multisys as a deposit for future stock subscription pending the approval by the Philippine SEC of the capital increase of Multisys. On February 1, 2019, the Philippine SEC approved the capital increase of Multisys. The balance of Php800 million stock subscription payable is outstanding as at March 25, 2021.

PLDT has engaged an independent appraiser to determine the fair value adjustments relating to the acquisition. As at December 3, 2018, our share in the fair value of the identifiable net assets and liabilities, which include technologies and customer relationships, amounted to Php1,357 million. Goodwill of Php1,031 million has been determined based on the final results of the independent valuation. Goodwill arising from this acquisition and carrying amount of the identifiable net assets and liabilities, including deferred tax liability, and the related amortization through equity in net earnings were retrospectively adjusted accordingly.

Based on its 2019 performance, the owners of Multisys are entitled to Php170 million out of the total Php230 million contingent consideration. Subsequently on April 6, 2020 and December 1, 2020, PGIH paid the owners Php153 million and Php17 million, respectively. The difference of the lower payout and the original contingent consideration amounting to Php60 million was closed to profit and loss.

The carrying value of the investment in Multisys amounted to Php2,456 million, including subscription payable of Php800 million as at March 31, 2021 and Php2,466 million, including subscription payable of Php800 million as at December 31, 2020.

Investment of PCEV in Beacon

In relation to PCEV's previous investment in Beacon Common and Preferred shares amounting to Php40,966 million, PCEV has entered into the following Share Purchase Agreements with MPIC:

On May 30, 2016, MPIC settled a portion of the consideration amounting to Php17,000 million immediately upon signing of the Share Purchase Agreement dated May 30, 2016 and the balance of Php9,200 million was paid in annual installments until June 2020.

On June 27, 2017, MPIC settled a portion of the consideration amounting to Php12,000 million upon closing of the sale under the Share Purchase Agreement dated June 13, 2017 and the balance of Php9,800 million will be paid in annual installments from June 2018 to June 2021.

Subsequent to its full divestment in June 2017, PCEV continued to hold its representation in the Board of Directors of Beacon and participate in the decision making. As set forth in the Share Purchase Agreement dated June 30, 2017: (i) PCEV shall be entitled to nominate one director to the Board of Directors of Beacon ('Seller's Director') and MPIC agrees to vote its shares in Beacon in favor of such Seller's Director; and
(ii) MPIC shall cede to PCEV the right to vote all of the shares. The parties agreed that with respect to decisions or policies affecting dividend payouts to be made by Beacon, PCEV shall exercise its voting rights, and shall vote, in accordance with the recommendation of MPIC on such matter. Based on the foregoing, the role of the representative of PCEV in the Board of Directors is not to jointly control the business but to ensure security of the payment of its outstanding receivables. Thus, PCEV will remain to hold significant influence over Beacon.

Beginning January 1, 2018, the unpaid balance from MPIC is measured at FVOCI using discounted cash flow valuation method in accordance with the new classification under PFRS 9 with interest income to be accreted over the term of the receivable.

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Sale of PCEV's Receivables from MPIC (FVOCI)

On December 5, 2017, the Board of Directors of PCEV approved the proposed sale of 50% of PCEV's receivable from MPIC, with an option on the part of PCEV to upsize to 75%, consisting of the proceeds from the sale of its shares in Beacon, which are due in 2019 to 2021.

On March 2, 2018, PCEV entered into a Receivables Purchase Agreement, or RPA, with various financial institutions, or the Purchasers, to sell a portion of its receivables from MPIC due in 2019 to 2021 amounting to Php5,550 million for a total consideration of Php4,852 million. Under the terms of the RPA, the Purchasers will have exclusive ownership of the purchased receivables and all of its rights, title, and interest.

On March 23, 2018, PCEV entered into another RPA with a financial institution to sell a portion of its receivables from MPIC due in 2019 amounting to Php2,230 million for a total consideration of Php2,124 million.

PCEV's remaining receivables from MPIC amounted to Php169 million as at March 31, 2021 and Php168 million, net of Php2 million allowance for ECL as at December 31, 2020.

The following table explains the changes in the allowance for ECLs as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

Investment of Smart in TCI

On February 8, 2019, the RA 11202 or the 'Mobile Number Portability, or MNP, Act' was enacted into a law. This act allows subscribers to change their subscription plans or service providers while allowing the subscribers to retain their current mobile numbers. In addition, no interconnection fee or charge shall be imposed for mobile domestic calls and SMS made by a subscriber. The act shall take effect fifteen days after its publication in the Official Gazette or in any newspaper of general circulation. Within 90 days from the effectivity of the act, the NTC, as the government entity mandated to implement nationwide MNP, shall coordinate with the Department of Information and Communications Technology, The National Privacy Commission, the Philippine Competition Commission, and other concerned agencies, and promulgate rules and regulations and other issuances to ensure the effective implementation of the Act.

Within six months from the promulgation of the rules and regulations, mobile service providers shall comply with the provisions of the act and set up a mechanism for the purpose of nationwide MNP. On June 17, 2019, the NTC released the implementing rules and regulations which took effect on July 2, 2019. The compliance period given to mobile service providers is within six months from effective date.

In 2019, Smart, along with Globe and Dito Telecommunity, Inc. entered into an agreement to form a joint venture that will address the requirements of the MNP Act. The joint venture company, TCI was incorporated in the Philippines on December 26, 2019 and registered with the Philippine SEC on January 17, 2020. The primary purpose of the joint venture is to serve as a clearing house for MNP. TCI will ensure smooth implementation of mobile number porting services. On December 23, 2019, Smart subscribed Php10 million representing 33.3% equity interest in TCI, which is equivalent to 10 million shares at a subscription price of Php1.00 per share.

In 2020, Smart subscribed to an additional Php30 million representing its 33.33% equity interest equivalent to 30 million shares at a subscription price of Php1.00 per share payable upon next capital call of the joint venture.

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Summarized financial information of individually immaterial joint ventures

The following tables present the summarized financial information of our individually immaterial joint investments in joint ventures for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

Outstanding contingent liabilities or capital commitments with our joint ventures amounted to Php800 million each as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

As at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, this account consists of:

Investment of PLDT Capital in Phunware

On September 3, 2015, PLDT Capital subscribed to an 8% US$5 million Convertible Promissory Note, or Note, issued by Phunware, a Delaware corporation. Phunware provides an expansive mobile delivery platform that creates, markets, and monetizes mobile application experiences across multiple screens. The US$5 million Note was issued to and paid for by PLDT Capital on September 4, 2015.

On December 18, 2015, PLDT Capital subscribed to Series F Preferred Shares of Phunware for a total consideration of US$3 million. On the same date, the Note and its related interest were converted to additional Phunware Series F Preferred Shares.

On February 27, 2018, Phunware entered into a definitive Agreement and Plan of Merger, or Merger Agreement, with Stellar Acquisition III, Inc., or Stellar, relating to a business combination transaction for an enterprise value of US$301 million, on a cash-free, debt-free basis. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, the holders of Phunware common stock will be entitled to the right to receive the applicable portion of the merger consideration in the form of Stellar common shares, which are listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market. As a result, the holders of Phunware preferred stock have requested the automatic conversion of all outstanding preferred shares into common shares effective as of immediately prior to the closing of the transaction on a conversion ratio of one common share per one preferred share. In addition to the right to receive Stellar common shares, each holder of Phunware Stock is entitled to elect to receive its pro rata share of warrants to purchase Stellar common shares that are held by the affiliate companies of Stellar's co-Chief Executive Officers, or Stellar's Sponsors.

On November 28, 2018, PLDT Capital elected to receive its full pro rata share of the warrants to purchase Stellar common shares held by Stellar's Sponsors.

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On December 26, 2018, Phunware announced the consummation of its business combination with Stellar. Stellar, the new Phunwareholding company, changed its corporate name to 'Phunware, Inc.,' or PHUN, and Phunware changed its corporate name to 'PhunwareOpCo, Inc.' Upon closing, PLDT Capital received the PHUN common shares equivalent to its portion of the merger consideration and its full pro rata share of warrants to purchase PHUN common shares.

On March 15, 2019, PLDT Capital exercised its warrants to purchase PHUN common shares for a total consideration of US$1.6 million.

The fair value amount of PLDT Capital's investment amounted to Php81 million and Php61 million as at March 31, 2021 December 31, 2020, respectively.

Investment of PLDT Online in Rocket Internet

On August 7, 2014, PLDT and Rocket Internet entered into a global strategic partnership to drive the development of online and mobile payment solutions in emerging markets. Rocket Internet provides a platform for the rapid creation and scaling of consumer internet businesses outside the U.S. and China. Rocket Internet's prominent brands include the leading Southeast Asian e-Commerce businesses Zalora and Lazada, as well as fast growing brands with strong positions in their markets such as Dafiti, Linio, Jumia, Namshi, Lamoda, Jabong, Westwing, Home24 and HelloFresh in Latin America, Africa, Middle East, Russia, India and Europe. Financial technology and payments comprise Rocket Internet's third sector where it anticipates numerous and significant growth opportunities.

Pursuant to the terms of the investment agreement, PLDT invested €333 million, or Php19,577 million, in cash, for new shares equivalent to a 10% stake in Rocket Internet as at August 2014. These new shares are of the same class and bear the same rights as the Rocket Internet shares held by the investors as at the date of the agreement namely, Investment AB Kinnevik and Access Industries, in addition to Global Founders GmbH (formerly European Founders Fund GmbH). PLDT made the €333 million investment in two payments (on September 8 and September 15, 2014), which it funded from available cash and new debt.

On August 21, 2014, PLDT assigned all its rights, title and interests as well as all of its obligations related to its investment in Rocket Internet, to PLDT Online, an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of PLDT.

On October 1, 2014, Rocket Internet announced the pricing of its initial public offering, or IPO, at €42.50 per share. On October 2, 2014, Rocket Internet listed its shares on Entry Standard of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol 'RKET.' Our ownership stake in Rocket Internet after the IPO was reduced to 6.6%. In February 2015, due to additional issuances of shares by Rocket Internet, our ownership percentage in Rocket Internet was further reduced to 6.1% and remained as such as at December 31, 2017.

On September 26, 2016, Rocket Internet applied for admission to trading under the regulated market (Prime Standard) of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. RKET has been admitted to the Prime Standard and is part of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange's SDAX.

On April 16, 2018, Rocket Internet announced the buyback of up to 15 million shares through a public share purchase offer, or the Offer, against payment of an offer price in the amount of €24 per share. PLDT Online committed to accept the Offer of Rocket Internet for at least 7 million shares, or approximately 67.4% of the total number of shares directly held by PLDT Online.

On May 4, 2018, Rocket Internet accepted the tender of PLDT Online of 7 million shares and paid the total consideration of €163 million, or Php10,059 million, which was settled on May 9, 2018, reducing the equity ownership in Rocket Internet from 6.1% to 2.0%.

On May 23, 2018, Rocket Internet redeemed 10.8 million shares reducing its share capital to €154 million. As a result of the redemption of shares, PLDT Online's equity ownership in Rocket Internet increased from 2.0% to 2.1%.

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On various dates in the third quarter of 2018, PLDT Online sold 0.7 million Rocket Internet shares for an aggregate amount of €22 million, or Php1,346 million, reducing equity ownership in Rocket Internet from 2.1% to 1.7%.

On December 6, 2018, Rocket Internet redeemed 1.9 million shares reducing its share capital to €153 million. PLDT Online's equity ownership in Rocket Internet remained at 1.7%

On various dates in 2019, PLDT Online sold 0.7 million Rocket internet shares for an aggregate amount of €18 million, or Php1,021 million, reducing equity ownership in Rocket Internet from 1.7% to 1.3%.

On October 9, 2019, Rocket Internet redeemed 1.7 million shares reducing its share capital to €151 million. PLDT Online's equity ownership in Rocket Internet remained at 1.3%

On January 30, 2020, Rocket Internet redeemed 13.5 million shares reducing its share capital to €137 million. As a result of the redemption of shares, PLDT Online's equity ownership in Rocket Internet increased from 1.3% to 1.4%.

On July 31, 2020, Rocket Internet redeemed 1.6 million shares reducing its share capital to €136 million. PLDT Online's equity ownership in Rocket Internet remained at 1.4%

In September 2020, PLDT Online sold 1.4 million Rocket internet shares for an aggregate amount of €26 million, or Php1,508 million, reducing its equity ownership in Rocket Internet from 1.4% to 0.4%.

In October 2020, PLDT Online sold 0.5 million Rocket internet shares for an aggregate amount of €9 million, or Php508 million, resulting in the full divestment of the investment in Rocket Internet.

Further details on investment in Rocket Internet for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, and as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:

Investment of PLDT Online in iflix

On April 23, 2015, PLDT Online subscribed to a convertible note of iflix, an internet TV service provider in Southeast Asia, for US$15 million, or Php686 million. The convertible note was issued and paid on August 11, 2015. iflix will use the funds to continue roll out of the iflix subscription video-on-demand services across the Southeast Asian region, acquire rights to new content, and produce original programming to market to potential customers.

This investment is in line with our strategy to develop new revenue streams and to complement our present business by participating in the digital world beyond providing access and connectivity.

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On March 10, 2016, the US$15 million convertible note held by PLDT Online was converted into 20.7 million ordinary shares of iflix in connection with a new funding round led by Sky Plc, Europe's leading entertainment company, and the Indonesian company, Emtek Group. The conversion resulted on a valuation gain amounting to U$19 million, or Php898 million, increasing the fair value of PLDT Online's investment amounting to US$34 million, or Php1,584 million.

On August 4, 2017, PLDT Online subscribed to a convertible note of iflix for US$1.5 million, or Php75 million, in a new funding round led by Hearst Entertainment. The convertible note was paid on August 8, 2017. The note is zero coupon, senior and unsubordinated, non-redeemable, transferable and convertible into Series B Preferred Shares subject to occurrence of a conversion event. iflix will use the funds to invest in its local content strategy and for its regional and international expansion.

On December 15, 2018, the US$1.5 million convertible note held by PLDT Online was converted into 1.0 million Series B Preferred Shares of iflix upon the occurrence of the cut-off date. After the conversion of all outstanding convertible notes, PLDT Online's equity ownership in iflix was reduced from 7.3% to 5.3%.

In 2019, due to additional issuances of shares by iflix, PLDT Online's equity ownership in iflix was reduced from 5.3% to 4.9%.

On June 19, 2020, iflix entered into an asset purchase agreement with Tencent group relating to the sale of its major assets including trademark, content, platform and resources for a total consideration of US$22.5 million. Upon closing of the transaction on June 24, 2020, the remaining assets of iflix are its existing cash, receivables and the right to pursue certain ongoing arbitration proceedings against certain business counterparties which it intends to use for the settlement of its liabilities. As a result, PLDT Online derecognized its investment in iflix composed of ordinary and Series B Preferred Shares which rank last and second to the last, respectively, with respect to rights upon liquidation, dissolution and winding up of iflix. The derecogition was charged to 'Other income (expenses) - net' in our consolidated income statements. See Note 4 - Operating Segment Information.

The fair value of PLDT Online's investment amounted to nil as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

As at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, this account consists of:

Time Deposit

In June 2020, PLDT invested US$10.0 million in a two-year time deposit with BDO Unibank, Inc., or BDO, maturing on June 29, 2022 at a gross coupon rate of 0.90% (net of Trust Fees). This long-term fixed rate time deposit pays interest on a monthly basis or an estimate of 30 days. The deposits may be terminated prior to maturity at the applicable pretermination rates. Interest income, net of withholding tax, recognized on this investment amounted to US$19 thousand, or Php1 million, and nil for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The carrying value of this investment amounted to Php485 million and Php480 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

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In July 2020, PLDT invested US$10.0 million in a two-year time deposit with BDO maturing on July 2, 2022 at a gross coupon rate of 1.00%. This long-term fixed rate time deposit pays interest on a monthly basis or an estimate of 30 days. The deposits may be terminated prior to maturity at the applicable pretermination rates.Interest income, net of withholding tax, recognized on this investment amounted to US$21 thousand, or Php1 million, and nil for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The carrying value of this investment amounted to Php485 million and Php480 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

In July 2020, PLDT and Smart invested US$2.0 million each in a two-year time deposit with Landbank of the Philippines, or LBP, maturing on July 29, 2022 and August 1, 2022, respectively, at a gross coupon rate of 2.00%. These long-term fixed rate time deposits pay interest on a yearly basis or an estimate of 360 days. The deposit may be terminated prior to maturity at the applicable pretermination rates. Interest income, net of withholding tax, recognized on this investment amounted to US$17 thousand, or Php1 million, and nil for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The carrying value of this investment amounted to Php195 million and Php193 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

Retail Treasury Bond

On March 9, 2021, Smart purchased at par a three-year Retail Treasury Bond Tranche 25 with face value of Php100 million maturing on March 9, 2024. The bond has a gross coupon rate of 2.375% payable on a quarterly basis. The bond is classified as debt instrument at amortized cost under PFRS 9. Interest income, net of withholding tax, recognized on this investment amounted to Php121 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2021. The carrying value of this investment amounted to Php100 million as at March 31, 2021.

GT Capital Bond

In February 2013, Smart purchased at par a seven-year GT Capital Bond with face value of Php150 million which matured on February 27, 2020. The bond has a gross coupon rate of 4.84% payable on a quarterly basis and was recognized as HTM investment. Starting January 1, 2018, the bond was classified as debt instrument at amortized cost under PFRS 9. Interest income, net of withholding tax, recognized on this investment amounted to nil and Php1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Changes in investment properties account for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and for the year ended December 31, 2020 are as follows:

Investment properties, which consist of land, land improvements and building, are stated at fair values, which have been determined based on appraisal performed by an independent firm of appraisers, an industry specialist in valuing these types of investment properties.

The valuation for land was based on a market approach valuation technique using price per square meter ranging from Php33 to Php33 thousand. The valuation for building and land improvements was based on a cost approach valuation technique using current material and labor costs for improvements based on external and independent reviewers.

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We have determined that the highest and best use of some of the idle or vacant land properties at the measurement date would be to convert the properties for residential or commercial development. The properties are not being used for strategic reasons.

We have no restrictions on the realizability of our investment properties and no contractual obligations to either purchase, construct or develop investment properties or for repairs, maintenance and enhancements.

Repairs and maintenance expenses related to investment properties that do not generate rental income amounted to Php21 million and Php19 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Rental income relating to investment properties that are being leased and included as part of revenues amounted to Php11 million and Php14 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. See Note 10 - Leases.

The above investment properties were categorized under Level 2 and Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. There were no transfers in and out of Level 2 and Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Significant increases (decreases) in price per square meter for land, current material and labor costs of improvements would result in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement.

Changes in goodwill and intangible assets account for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and for the year ended December 31, 2020 are as follows:

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The consolidated goodwill and intangible assets of our reportable segments as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:

The consolidated future amortization of intangible assets as at March 31, 2021 is as follows:

Amortization of Sun Cellular Trademark

Trademark pertains to the 'Sun Cellular' trademark of DMPI, resulting from PLDT's acquisition of Digitel in 2011. It was assessed during the acquisition that the trademark would have indefinite useful life because we had no plans to fade out DMPI's trademark. We expected the continued use of the trademark on our services and we introduced services that displayed the trademark.

In October 2020, we implemented the rebranding of Sun Prepaid into Smart Prepaid. Subscribers retained their existing Sun numbers while having access to expanded retail customer care channels, data-centric offers of Smart alongside existing select Sun top-up offers. As a result, we amortized Php1,126 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and Php1,877 million in 2020 of the 'Sun Cellular' trademark. The remaining Php1,502 million will be amortized until July 2021. See Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Sun Prepaid Rebranding to Smart Prepaid and Note 3 - Management's Use of Accounting Judgments, Estimates and Assumptions - Estimating useful lives of intangible assets with finite lives.

Impairment Testing of Goodwill

The organizational structure of PLDT and its subsidiaries is designed to monitor financial operations based on fixed line and wireless segmentation. Management provides guidelines and decisions on resource allocation, such as continuing or disposing of asset and operations by evaluating the performance of each segment through review and analysis of available financial information on the fixed line and wireless segments. As at March 31, 2021, the PLDT Group's goodwill comprised of goodwill resulting from acquisition of PLDT's additional investment in PG1 in 2014, ePLDT's acquisition of IPCDSI in 2012, PLDT's acquisition of Digitel in 2011, ePLDT's acquisition of ePDS in 2011, Smart's acquisition of PDSI and Chikka in 2009, SBI's acquisition of Airborne Access Corporation in 2008, and Smart's acquisition of SBI in 2004.

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Although revenue streams may be segregated among the companies within the PLDT Group, cash inflows are not considered coming from independent group of assets on a per Company basis due largely to the significant portion of shared and commonly used network/platform that generates related revenue. The same is true for Sun, wherein Smart 2G/3G network, cellular base stations and fiber optic backbone are shared for areas where Sun has limited connectivity and facilities. On the other hand, PLDT has the largest fixed line network in the Philippines. PLDT's transport facilities are installed nationwide to cover both domestic and international IP backbone to route and transmit IP traffic generated by the customers. In the same manner, PLDT has the most Internet Gateway facilities which are composed of high capacity IP routers and switches that serve as the main gateway of the Philippines to the Internet connecting to the World Wide Web. With PLDT's network coverage, other fixed line subsidiaries share the same facilities to leverage on a Group perspective.

Because of the significant common use of network facilities among fixed line and wireless companies within the Group, management deems that the Wireless and Fixed Line units are the lowest CGUs to which goodwill is to be allocated and tested for impairment given that the Fixed Line and Wireless operations generate cash inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets.

The recoverable amount of the Wireless and Fixed Line CGUs have been determined using the value- in-use approach calculated using cash flow projections based on the financial budgets approved by the Board of Directors. The post-tax discount rates applied to cash flow projections are 8.08% for the Wireless and Fixed Line CGUs. Cash flows beyond the projection period of three years are determined using a 2% growth rate for the Wireless and Fixed Line CGUs, which is the same as the long-term average growth rate for the telecommunications industry. Other key assumptions used in the cash flow projections include revenue growth rate and capital expenditures.

Based on the assessment of the VIU of the Wireless and Fixed Line CGUs, the recoverable amount of the Wireless and Fixed Line CGUs exceeded their carrying amounts, hence, no impairment was recognized in relation to goodwill as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

The accumulated impairment balance as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 is comprised of Php438 million from PLDT's acquisition of Digitel and Php216 million from ePLDT's acquisition of AGS.

As at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, this account consists of:

Cash in banks earn interest at prevailing bank deposit rates. Temporary cash investments are made for varying periods of up to three months depending on our immediate cash requirements and earn interest at the prevailing temporary cash investment rates. Due to the short-term nature of such transactions, the carrying value approximates the fair value of our temporary cash investments. See Note 28 - Financial Assets and Liabilities.

Interest income earned from cash in banks and temporary cash investments amounted to Php95 million and Php1,022 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. See Note 5 - Income and Expenses.

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As at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, this account consists of receivables from:

Receivables from foreign administrations and domestic carriers represent receivables based on interconnection agreements with other telecommunications carriers. The aforementioned amounts of receivables are shown net of related payables to the same telecommunications carriers where a legal right of offset exists and settlement is facilitated on a net basis.

Receivables from dealers, agents and others consist mainly of receivables from credit card companies, dealers and distributors having collection arrangements with the PLDT Group, dividend receivables and advances to affiliates.

Trade and other receivables are noninterest-bearing and generally have settlement terms of 30 to 180 days.

For terms and conditions relating to related party receivables, see Note 25 - Related Party Transactions.

See Note 28 - Financial Assets and Liabilities on credit risk of trade receivables to understand how we manage and measure credit quality of trade receivables that are neither past due nor impaired.

The following table explains the changes in the allowance for expected credit losses as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

The significant changes in the balances of trade and other receivables and contract assets are disclosed in Note 5 - Income and Expenses, while the information about the credit exposures are disclosed in Note 28 - Financial Assets and Liabilities.

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As at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, this account consists of:

The cost of inventories and supplies recognized as expense for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:

Changes in the allowance for inventory obsolescence and write-down for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and for the year ended December 31, 2020 are as follows:

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As at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, this account consists of:

Advances to suppliers and contractors are noninterest-bearing and are to be applied to contractors' subsequent progress billings for projects.

Prepaid taxes include creditable withholding taxes and input VAT.

Prepaid benefit costs represent excess of fair value of plan assets over present value of defined benefit obligations recognized in our consolidated statements of financial position. See Note 26 - Pension and Other Employee Benefits.

PLDT's number of shares of subscribed and outstanding capital stock as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:

There were no changes in PLDT's capital account for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.

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Preferred Stock

Non-Voting Serial Preferred Stock

On November 5, 2013, the Board of Directors designated 50,000 shares of Non-Voting Serial Preferred Stock as Series JJ 10% Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock to be issued from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2015, pursuant to the PLDT Subscriber Investment Plan, or SIP. On June 8, 2015, PLDT issued 870 shares of Series JJ 10% Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock.

On January 26, 2016, the Board of Directors designated 20,000 shares of Non-Voting Serial Preferred Stock as Series KK 10% Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock to be issued from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2020, pursuant to the SIP.

The Series JJ and KK 10% Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, or SIP shares, earns cumulative dividends at an annual rate of 10%. After the lapse of one year from the last day of the year of issuance of a particular Series of 10% Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, any holder of such series may convert all or any of the shares of 10% Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock held by him into fully paid and non-assessable shares of Common Stock of PLDT, at a conversion price equivalent to 10% below the average of the high and low daily sales price of a share of Common Stock of PLDT on the PSE, or if there have been no such sales on the PSE on any day, the average of the bid and the ask prices of a share of Common Stock of PLDT at the end of such day on such Exchange, in each case averaged over a period of 30 consecutive trading days prior to the conversion date, but in no case shall the conversion price be less than the par value per share of Common Stock. The number of shares of Common Stock issuable at any time upon conversion of 10% Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock is determined by dividing Php10.00 by the then applicable conversion price.

In case the shares of Common Stock outstanding are at anytime subdivided into a greater or consolidated into a lesser number of shares, then the minimum conversion price per share of Common Stock will be proportionately decreased or increased, as the case may be, and in the case of a stock dividend, such price will be proportionately decreased, provided, however, that in every case the minimum conversion price shall not be less than the par value per share of Common Stock. In the event the relevant effective date for any such subdivision or consolidation of shares of stock dividend occurs during the period of 30 trading days preceding the presentation of any shares of 10% Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock for conversion, a similar adjustment will be made in the sales prices applicable to the trading days prior to such effective date utilized in calculating the conversion price of the shares presented for conversion.

In case of any other reclassification or change of outstanding shares of Common Stock, or in case of any consolidation or merger of PLDT with or into another corporation, the Board of Directors shall make such provisions, if any, for adjustment of the minimum conversion price and the sale price utilized in calculating the conversion price as the Board of Directors, in its sole discretion, shall deem appropriate.

At PLDT's option, the Series JJ and KK 10% Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock are redeemable at par value plus accrued dividends five years after the year of issuance.

The Series IV Cumulative Non-Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock earns cumulative dividends at an annual rate of 13.5% based on the paid-up subscription price. It is redeemable at the option of PLDT at any time one year after subscription and at the actual amount paid for such stock, plus accrued dividends.

The Non-Voting Serial Preferred Stocks are non-voting, except as specifically provided by law, and are preferred as to liquidation.

All preferred stocks limit the ability of PLDT to pay cash dividends unless all dividends on such preferred stock for all past dividend payment periods have been paid and or declared and set apart and provision has been made for the currently payable dividends.

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Voting Preferred Stock

On June 5, 2012, the Philippine SEC approved the amendments to the Seventh Article of PLDT's Articles of Incorporation consisting of the sub-classification of its authorized Preferred Capital Stock into: 150 million shares of Voting Preferred Stock with a par value of Php1.00 each, and 807.5 million shares of Non-Voting Serial Preferred Stock with a par value of Php10.00 each, and other conforming amendments, or the Amendments. The shares of Voting Preferred Stock may be issued, owned, or transferred only to or by: (a) a citizen of the Philippines or a domestic partnership or association wholly-owned by citizens of the Philippines; (b) a corporation organized under the laws of the Philippines of which at least 60% of the capital stock entitled to vote is owned and held by citizens of the Philippines and at least 60% of the board of directors of such corporation are citizens of the Philippines; and (c) a trustee of funds for pension or other employee retirement or separation benefits, where the trustee qualifies under paragraphs (a) and (b) above and at least 60% of the funds accrue to the benefit of citizens of the Philippines, or Qualified Owners. The holders of Voting Preferred Stock will have voting rights at any meeting of the stockholders of PLDT for the election of directors and for all other purposes, with one vote in respect of each share of Voting Preferred Stock. The Amendments were approved by the Board of Directors and stockholders of PLDT on July 5, 2011 and March 22, 2012, respectively.

On October 12, 2012, the Board of Directors, pursuant to the authority granted to it in the Seventh Article of PLDT's Articles of Incorporation, determined the following specific rights, terms and features of the Voting Preferred Stock: (a) entitled to receive cash dividends at the rate of 6.5% per annum, payable before any dividends are paid to the holders of Common Stock; (b) in the event of dissolution or liquidation or winding up of PLDT, holders will be entitled to be paid in full, or pro-rata insofar as the assets of PLDT will permit, the par value of such shares of Voting Preferred Stock and any accrued or unpaid dividends thereon before any distribution shall be made to the holders of shares of Common Stock; (c) redeemable at the option of PLDT; (d) not convertible to Common Stock or to any shares of stock of PLDT of any class; (e) voting rights at any meeting of the stockholders of PLDT for the election of directors and all other matters to be voted upon by the stockholders in any such meetings, with one vote in respect of each Voting Preferred Share; and (f) holders will have no pre-emptive right to subscribe for or purchase any shares of stock of any class, securities or warrants issued, sold or disposed by PLDT.

On October 16, 2012, BTFHI subscribed to 150 million newly issued shares of Voting Preferred Stock of PLDT, at a subscription price of Php1.00 per share for a total subscription price of Php150 million pursuant to a subscription agreement between BTFHI and PLDT dated October 15, 2012. As a result of the issuance of Voting Preferred Shares, the voting power of the NTT Group (NTT DOCOMO and NTT Communications), First Pacific Group and its Philippine affiliates, and JG Summit Group was reduced to 12%, 15% and 7%, respectively, as at March 31, 2021. See Note 1 - Corporate Information.

Redemption of Preferred Stock

On September 23, 2011, the Board of Directors approved the redemption, or the Redemption, of all outstanding shares of PLDT's Series A to FF 10% Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, or the Series A to FF Shares, from holders of record as of October 10, 2011, and all such shares were redeemed and retired effective on January 19, 2012. In accordance with the terms and conditions of the Series A to FF Shares, the holders of Series A to FF Shares as at January 19, 2012 are entitled to payment of the redemption price in an amount equal to the par value of such shares, plus accrued and unpaid dividends thereon up to January 19, 2012, or the Redemption Price of Series A to FF Shares.

PLDT has set aside Php4,029 million (the amount required to fund the redemption price for the Series A to FF Shares) in addition to Php4,143 million for unclaimed dividends on Series A to FF Shares, or a total amount of Php8,172 million, to fund the redemption of the Series A to FF Shares, or the Redemption Trust Fund, in a trust account, or the Trust Account, in the name of RCBC, as Trustee. Pursuant to the terms of the Trust Account, the Trustee will continue to hold the Redemption Trust Fund or any balance thereof, in trust, for the benefit of holders of Series A to FF Shares, for a period of ten years from January 19, 2012 until January 19, 2022. After the said date, any and all remaining balance in the Trust Account shall be returned to PLDT and revert to its general funds. Any interests on the Redemption Trust Fund shall accrue for the benefit of, and be paid from time to time, to PLDT.

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On May 8, 2012, the Board of Directors approved the redemption of all outstanding shares of PLDT's Series GG 10% Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, or the Series GG Shares, from the holders of record as of May 22, 2012, and all such shares were redeemed and retired effective August 30, 2012. In accordance with the terms and conditions of the Series GG Shares, the holders of the Series GG Shares as at May 22, 2012 are entitled to the payment of the redemption price in an amount equal to the par value of such shares, plus accrued and unpaid dividends thereon up to August 30, 2012, or the Redemption Price of Series GG Shares.

PLDT has set aside Php236 thousand (the amount required to fund the redemption price for the Series GG Shares) in addition to Php74 thousand for unclaimed dividends on Series GG Shares, or a total amount of Php310 thousand, to fund the redemption price for the Series GG Shares, or the Redemption Trust Fund for Series GG Shares, which forms an integral part of the Redemption Trust Fund previously set aside in the trust account with RCBC, as Trustee, for the purpose of funding the payment of the Redemption Price of Series GG Shares. Pursuant to the terms of the Trust Account, the Trustee will continue to hold the Redemption Trust Fund for Series GG Shares or any balance thereof, in trust, for the benefit of holders of Series GG Shares, for a period of ten years from August 30, 2012, or until August 30, 2022. After the said date, any and all remaining balance in the Redemption Trust Fund for Series GG Shares shall be returned to PLDT and revert to its general funds. Any interests on the Redemption Trust Fund for Series GG Shares shall accrue for the benefit of, and be paid from time to time, to PLDT.

On January 29, 2013, the Board of Directors approved the redemption of all outstanding shares of PLDT's Series HH 10% Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock which were issued in 2007, or Series HH Shares issued in 2007, from the holders of record as of February 14, 2013 and all such shares were redeemed and retired effective May 16, 2013. In accordance with the terms and conditions of Series HH Shares issued in 2007, the holders of Series HH Shares issued in 2007 as at February 14, 2013 are entitled to the payment of the redemption price in an amount equal to the par value of such shares, plus accrued and unpaid dividends thereon up to May 16, 2013, or the Redemption Price of Series HH Shares issued in 2007.

PLDT has set aside Php24 thousand (the amount required to fund the redemption price for the Series HH Shares issued in 2007) in addition to Php6 thousand for unclaimed dividends on Series HH Shares issued in 2007, or a total amount of Php30 thousand, to fund the redemption price of Series HH Shares issued in 2007, or the Redemption Trust Fund for Series HH Shares issued in 2007, which forms an integral part of the Redemption Trust Funds previously set aside in the trust account with RCBC, as Trustee, for the purpose of funding the payment of the Redemption Price of Series HH Shares issued in 2007. Pursuant to the terms of the Trust Account, the Trustee will continue to hold the Redemption Trust Fund for Series HH Shares issued in 2007 or any balance thereof, in trust, for the benefit of holders of Series HH Shares issued in 2007, for a period of ten years from May 16, 2013, or until May 16, 2023. After the said date, any and all remaining balance in the Redemption Trust Fund for Series HH Shares issued in 2007 shall be returned to PLDT and revert to its general funds. Any interests on the Redemption Trust Fund for Series HH Shares issued in 2007 shall accrue for the benefit of, and be paid from time to time, to PLDT.

On January 28, 2014, the Board of Directors approved the redemption of all outstanding shares of PLDT's Series HH 10% Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock which were issued in 2008, or the Series HH Shares issued in 2008, from the holders of record as of February 14, 2014 and all such shares were redeemed and retired effective May 16, 2014. In accordance with the terms and conditions of Series HH Shares issued in 2008, the holders of Series HH Shares issued in 2008 as at February 14, 2014 are entitled to the payment of the redemption price in an amount equal to the par value of such shares, plus accrued and unpaid dividends thereon up to May 16, 2014, or the Redemption Price of Series HH Shares issued in 2008.

PLDT has set aside Php2 thousand (the amount required to fund the redemption price of Series HH Shares issued in 2008) in addition to Php1 thousand for unclaimed dividends on Series HH Shares issued in 2008, or a total amount of Php3 thousand, to fund the redemption price of Series HH Shares issued in 2008, or the Redemption Trust Fund for Series HH Shares issued in 2008, which forms an integral part of the Redemption Trust Funds previously set aside in the trust account with RCBC, as Trustee, for the purpose of funding the payment of the Redemption Price of Series HH Shares issued in 2008. Pursuant to the terms of the Trust Account, the Trustee will continue to hold the Redemption Trust Fund for Series HH Shares issued in 2008 or any balance thereof, in trust, for the benefit of holders of Series HH Shares issued in 2008, for a period of ten years from May 16, 2014, or until May 16, 2024. After the said date, any and all remaining balance in the Redemption Trust Fund for Series HH Shares issued in 2008 shall be returned to PLDT and revert to its general funds. Any interests on the Redemption Trust Fund for Series HH Shares issued in 2008 shall accrue for the benefit of, and be paid from time to time, to PLDT.

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On January 26, 2016, the Board of Directors approved the redemption of all outstanding shares of PLDT's Series II 10% Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, or the Series II Shares, from the holder of record as of February 10, 2016, and all such shares were redeemed and retired effective on May 11, 2016. In accordance with the terms and conditions of Series II Shares, the holder of Series II Shares as at February 10, 2016 is entitled to the payment of the redemption price in an amount equal to the par value of such shares, plus accrued and unpaid dividends thereon up to May 11, 2016, or the Redemption Price of Series II Shares.

PLDT has set aside Php4 thousand to fund the redemption price of Series II Shares, or the Redemption Trust Fund for Series II Shares, which forms an integral part of the Redemption Trust Funds previously set aside in the trust account with RCBC, as Trustee, for the purpose of funding the payment of the Redemption Price of Series II Shares. Pursuant to the terms of the Trust Account, the Trustee will continue to hold the Redemption Trust Fund for Series II Shares or any balance thereof, in trust, for the benefit of holder of Series II Shares, for a period of ten years from May 11, 2016, or until May 11, 2026. After the said date, any and all remaining balance in the Redemption Trust Fund for Series II Shares shall be returned to PLDT and revert to its general funds. Any interests on the Redemption Trust Fund for Series II Shares shall accrue for the benefit of, and be paid from time to time, to PLDT.

As at January 19, 2012, August 30, 2012, May 16, 2013, May 16, 2014 and May 11, 2016, notwithstanding that any stock certificate representing the Series A to FF Shares, Series GG Shares, Series HH Shares issued in 2007, Series HH Shares issued in 2008 and Series II Shares, respectively, were not surrendered for cancellation, the Series A to II Shares were no longer deemed outstanding and the right of the holders of such shares to receive dividends thereon ceased to accrue and all rights with respect to such shares ceased and terminated, except only the right to receive the Redemption Price of such shares, but without interest thereon.

On January 28, 2020, the Board of Directors authorized and approved, the retirement of shares of PLDT's Series JJ 10% Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, or SIP Shares, effective May 12, 2020. The record date for the determination of the holders of outstanding SIP Shares available for redemption was February 11, 2020.

PLDT has withdrawn Php1 million from the Trust Account, representing total payments on redemption for each of the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020. The balance of the Trust Account of Php7,848 and Php7,849 million, net of the eliminated Php986 million perpetual notes issued by Smart to RCBC, were presented as part of 'Current portion of other financial assets' as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, and the related redemption liability were presented as part of 'Accrued expenses and other current liabilities' in our consolidated statements of financial position. See related disclosures below under Perpetual Notesand Note 28 - Financial Assets and Liabilities.

Common Stock/Treasury Stock

The Board of Directors approved a share buyback program of up to five million shares of PLDT's common stock, representing approximately 3% of PLDT's then total outstanding shares of common stock in 2008. Under the share buyback program, PLDT reacquired shares on an opportunistic basis, directly from the open market through the trading facilities of the PSE and NYSE.

As at November 2010, we had acquired a total of approximately 2.72 million shares of PLDT's common stock at a weighted average price of Php2,388 per share for a total consideration of Php6,505 million in accordance with the share buyback program. There were no further buyback transactions subsequent to November 2010.

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Dividends Declared

Our dividends declared for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 are detailed as follows:

March 31, 2021 (Unaudited)

March 31, 2020 (Unaudited)

Our dividends declared after March 31, 2021 are detailed as follows:

Perpetual Notes

Smart issued Php2,610 million and Php1,590 million perpetual notes on March 3, 2017 and March 6, 2017, respectively, under two Notes Facility Agreements dated March 1, 2017 and March 2, 2017, respectively. The transaction costs amounting to Php35 million were accounted as a deduction from the perpetual notes. Smart paid distributions amounting to Php59 million and Php236 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

On July 18, 2017, Smart issued Php1,100 million perpetual notes, to RCBC, Trustee of PLDT's Redemption Trust Fund, under the Notes Facility Agreement dated July 18, 2017. The transaction costs amounting to Php5 million were accounted as a deduction from the perpetual notes. Smart paid distributions amounting to Php14 million and Php57 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. This transaction was eliminated in our consolidated financial statements.

On September 19, 2019, Smart issued Php4,700 million perpetual notes to DMPI under the Notes Facility Agreement dated September 16, 2019. The transaction cost amounting to Php35 million was accounted as a deduction from the perpetual notes. Smart paid distributions amounting to Php70 million and Php281 million

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as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. This transaction was eliminated in our consolidated financial statements.

Proceeds from the issuance of these notes are intended to finance capital expenditures. The notes have no fixed redemption dates. However, Smart may, at its sole option, redeem the notes. In accordance with PAS 32, Financial Instruments: Presentation, the notes are classified as part of equity in the financial statements. The notes are subordinated to and rank junior to all senior loans of Smart.

As at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, this account consists of the following:

Unamortized debt discount, representing debt issuance costs and any difference between the fair value of consideration given or received at initial recognition, included in our financial liabilities amounted to Php1,317 million and Php1,262 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. See Note 28 - Financial Assets and Liabilities.

The following table describes all changes to unamortized debt discount for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and for the year ended December 31, 2020:

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Long-term Debt

As at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, long-term debt consists of:

The scheduled maturities of our consolidated outstanding long-term debt at nominal values as at March 31, 2021 are as follows:

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Short-term Debt

In March and April 2020, PLDT and Smart availed unsecured short-term debt from various banks amounting to Php6,000 million and Php4,000 million respectively with interest ranging from 5.00% to 5.75%. In May 2020, PLDT and Smart prepaid their outstanding short-term debt amounting to Php3,000 million and Php4,000 million, respectively. PLDT prepaid its remaining short-term debt in the aggregate amount of Php3,000 million in June 2020. There was no outstanding balance of short-term debt as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

U.S. Dollar Global Notes

On June 23, 2020, PLDT issued US$300 million 10-year and US$300 million 30-year senior unsecured fixed-rate notes with coupon of 2.50% and 3.45%, respectively. Proceeds from the issuance of these notes have been used to refinance maturing debt obligations, prepay outstanding loans and partially finance capital expenditures. The 2031 Notes will mature on January 23, 2031 and the 2050 Notes will mature on June 23, 2050.

Compliance with Debt Covenants

PLDT's debt instruments contain restrictive covenants, including covenants that require us to comply with specified financial ratios tests, such as total debt to EBITDA and interest cover ratio, at relevant measurement dates, principally at the end of each quarterly period. We have complied with all of our maintenance financial ratios as required under our loan covenants and other debt instruments.

The principal factors that could negatively affect our ability to comply with these financial ratio covenants and other financial tests are poor operating performance of PLDT and its subsidiaries, depreciation of the Philippine Peso relative to the U.S. Dollar, impairment or similar charges in respect of investments or other long-lived assets that may be recognized by PLDT and its subsidiaries, and increases in our interest expense. Interest expense may increase as a result of various factors including issuance of new debt, the refinancing of lower cost indebtedness by higher cost indebtedness, depreciation of the Philippine Peso relative to the U.S. Dollar, the lowering of PLDT's credit ratings or the credit ratings of the Philippines, increase in reference interest rates, and general market conditions. Of our total consolidated debts, approximately18% was denominated in U.S. Dollars each as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. Therefore, the financial ratio and other tests are expected to be negatively affected by any weakening of the Philippine Peso relative to the U.S. Dollar. See Note 28 - Financial Assets and Liabilities - Foreign Currency Exchange Risk.

PLDT's debt instruments contain a number of other negative covenants that, subject to certain exceptions and qualifications, restrict PLDT's ability to take certain actions without lenders' approval, including: (a) making or permitting any material change in the character of its business; (b) selling, leasing, transferring or disposing of all or substantially all of its assets or any significant portion thereof other than in the ordinary course of business; (c) creating any lien or security interest; (d) permitting set-off against amounts owed to PLDT; (e) merging or consolidating with any other company; and (f) making or permitting any preference or priority in respect of any other relevant indebtedness of PLDT.

PLDT's debt instruments also contain customary and other default provisions that permit the lender to accelerate amounts due or terminate their commitments to extend additional funds under the debt instruments. These default provisions include: (a) cross-defaults that will be triggered only if the principal amount of the defaulted indebtedness exceeds a threshold amount specified in these debt instruments; (b) failure by PLDT to meet certain financial ratio covenants referred to above; (c) the occurrence of any material adverse change in circumstances that a lender reasonably believes materially impairs PLDT's ability to perform its obligations under its debt instrument with the lender; (d) the revocation, termination or amendment of any of the permits or franchises of PLDT in any manner unacceptable to the lender; (e) the nationalization or sustained discontinuance of all or a substantial portion of PLDT's business; and (f) other typical events of default, including the commencement of bankruptcy, insolvency, liquidation or winding up proceedings by PLDT.

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Smart's debt instruments contain certain restrictive covenants that require Smart to comply with specified financial ratios and other financial tests at semi-annual measurement dates. Smart's loan agreements include compliance with financial tests such as Smart's consolidated debt to consolidated EBITDA and interest coverage ratio. The agreements also contain customary and other default provisions that permit the lender to accelerate amounts due under the loans or terminate their commitments to extend additional funds under the loans. These default provisions include: (a) cross-defaults and cross-accelerations that permit a lender to declare a default if Smart is in default under another loan agreement. These cross-default provisions are triggered upon a payment or other default permitting the acceleration of Smart debt, whether or not the defaulted debt is accelerated; (b) failure by Smart to comply with certain financial ratio covenants; and
(c) the occurrence of any material adverse change in circumstances that the lender reasonably believes materially impairs Smart's ability to perform its obligations or impair the guarantors' ability to perform their obligations under its loan agreements.

The loan agreements with banks (foreign and local alike) and other financial institutions provide for certain restrictions and requirements with respect to, among others, maintenance of percentage of ownership of specific shareholders, incurrence of additional long-term indebtedness or guarantees and creation of property encumbrances.

As at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we were in compliance with all of our debt covenants. See
Note 28 - Financial Assets and Liabilities - Derivative Financial Instruments.

As at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, this account consists of:

The following table summarizes the changes to provision for asset retirement obligations for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and for the year ended December 31, 2020:

Accrual of capital expenditures under long-term financing represents expenditures related to the expansion and upgrade of our network facilities which are not due to be settled within one year. Such accruals are settled through refinancing from long-term loans obtained from the banks. See Note 21 - Interest-bearing Financial Liabilities.

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As at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, this account consists of:

Accounts payable are noninterest-bearing and are normally settled within 180 days.

In 2020, one of our major suppliers entered into Trade Financing Arrangements, or TFA, to sell a portion of its Philippine Peso receivables from the Parent Company amounting to Php400 million and from Smart amounting to Php1,155 million. Under the terms of the TFA, the Purchaser will have exclusive ownership of the purchased receivables and all of its rights, title and interest. The amount reclassified from 'Accounts Payable - Suppliers and contractors' to 'Accounts Payable - Others' amounted to Php1,555 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

For terms and conditions pertaining to the payables to related parties, see Note 25 - Related Party Transactions.

For detailed discussion on the PLDT Group's liquidity risk management processes, see Note 28 - Financial Assets and Liabilities - Liquidity Risk.

As at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, this account consists of:

Accrued utilities and related expenses pertain to costs incurred for electricity and water consumption, repairs and maintenance, selling and promotions, professional and other contracted services, rent, insurance and security services and other operational related expenses pending receipt of billings and statement f accounts from suppliers. These liabilities are noninterest-bearing and are normally settled within a year.

Accrued taxes and related expenses pertain to licenses, permits and other related business taxes, which are normally settled within a year.

Contract liabilities and unearned revenues represent advance payments for leased lines, installation fees, monthly service fees and unused and/or unexpired portion of prepaid loads.

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Accrued interests and other related costs are noninterest-bearing and are normally settled within a year. This pertains to other costs incurred for operations-related expenses pending receipt of invoice and statement of accounts from suppliers.

Other accrued expenses and other current liabilities are noninterest-bearing and are normally settled within a year. This pertains to other costs incurred for operations-related expenses pending receipt of invoice and statement of accounts from suppliers.

Parties are considered to be related if one party has the ability, directly and indirectly, to control the other party or exercise significant influence over the other party in making financial and operating decisions. Parties are also considered to be related if they are subject to common control. Related parties may be individuals or corporate entities. Transactions with related parties are on an arm's length basis, similar to transactions with third parties.

Settlement of outstanding balances of related party transactions at year-end are expected to be settled with cash.

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The following table provides the summary of outstanding balances as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 transactions that have been entered into with related parties:

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The following table provides the summary of transactions that have been entered into with related parties for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020in relation with the table above.

a.Agreements between PLDT and certain subsidiaries with Meralco

In the ordinary course of business, Meralco provides electricity to PLDT and certain subsidiaries' offices within its franchise area. Total electricity costs, which were presented as part of repairs and maintenance in our consolidated income statements, amounted to Php572 million and Php622 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Under these agreements, the outstanding obligations, which were presented as part of accounts payable and accrued expenses and other current liabilities in our consolidated statements of financial position, amounted to Php289 million and Php418 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

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PLDT and Smart have Pole Attachment Contracts with Meralco, wherein Meralco leases its pole spaces to accommodate PLDT's and Smart's cable network facilities. Total fees under these contracts, which were presented as part of rent in our consolidated income statements, amounted to niland Php38 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Total fees under these contracts, which were presented as part of depreciation and amortization in our consolidated income statements, amounted to Php100 million and Php119 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021and 2020, respectively. The carrying value of the ROU assets in our consolidated statements of financial position amounted to Php1,851 million and Php1,916 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.Under these agreements, the outstanding obligations, which were presented as part of accrued expenses and other current liabilities in our consolidated statements of financial position, amounted to nilas at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.Under these agreements, the outstanding obligations, which were presented as part of lease liabilities in our consolidated statements of financial position, amounted to Php1,562 million and Php2,026 millionas at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

PLDT has an existing Outside and Inside Plant Contracted Services Agreement with MIESCOR, a subsidiary of Meralco, which expired on December 31, 2018. Under the agreement, MIESCOR assumes full and overall responsibility for the implementation and completion of any assigned project such as cable and civil works that are required for the provisioning and restoration of lines and recovery of existing plant.

Total fees under this agreement, which were presented as part of repairs and maintenance in our consolidated income statements, amounted to nil for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020. Total amounts capitalized to property and equipment amounted to nil for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020. Under these agreements, the outstanding obligations, which were presented as part of accrued expenses and other current liabilities in our consolidated statements of financial position, amounted to Php185 thousand each as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

PLDT also has an existing Customer Line Installation, Repair, Rehabilitation and Maintenance Activities agreement with MIESCOR, which expired on December 31, 2018. Under the agreement, MIESCOR is responsible for the subscriber main station installation, repairs and maintenance of outside and inside plant network facilities in the areas awarded to them.

Total fees under this agreement, which were presented as part of repairs and maintenance in our consolidated income statements, amounted to nil for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020. Total amounts capitalized to property and equipment amounted to nil for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020. Under these agreements, the outstanding obligations, which were presented as part of accrued expenses and other current liabilities in our consolidated statements of financial position, amounted to Php3 million each as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

Material transactions to which PLDT or any of its subsidiaries is a party, in which a director, key officer or owner of more than 10% of the outstanding common stock of PLDT, or any member of the immediate family of a director, key officer or owner of more than 10% of the outstanding common stock of PLDT, had a direct or indirect material interest as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, and for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:

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On March 22, 2016, PLDT signed a US$25 million term loan facility agreement with NTT Finance Corporation to finance its capital expenditure requirements for network expansion and service improvement and/or refinancing existing indebtedness. The loan is payable upon maturity on March 30, 2023. The loan was fully drawn on March 30, 2016. Total interest under this agreement, which were presented as part of financing costs - net in our consolidated income statements, amounted to Php4.5 million and Php11 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. On July 1, 2020, the loan was transferred to NTT TC Leasing Co., Ltd. The amounts of US$25 million, or Php1,213.5 million, and US$25 million, or Php1,201 million, remained outstanding as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

Another US$25 million term loan facility was signed with NTT Finance Corporation on January 31, 2017 to finance its capital expenditure requirements for network expansion and service improvement and/or refinancing existing indebtedness. The loan is payable upon maturity on March 27, 2024. The loan was fully drawn on March 30, 2017. Total interest under this agreement, which were presented as part of financing costs - net in our consolidated income statements, amounted to Php4.5 million and Php11 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. On July 1, 2020, the loan was transferred to NTT TC Leasing Co., Ltd. The amount of US$25 million, or Php1,213.5 million, and US$25 million, or Php1,201 million, remained outstanding as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

PLDT is a party to the following agreements with NTT Communications and/or its affiliates:

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On June 5, 2006, in accordance with the Cooperation Agreement dated January 31, 2006, an Advisory Services Agreement was entered into by NTT DOCOMO and PLDT. Pursuant to the Advisory Services Agreement, NTT DOCOMO will provide the services of certain key personnel in connection with certain aspects of the business of PLDT and Smart. Also, this agreement governs the terms and conditions of the appointments of such key personnel and the corresponding fees related thereto. Total fees under this agreement, which were presented as part of professional and other contracted services in our consolidated income statements, amounted to Php15 million and Php12 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Under this agreement, the outstanding obligations of PLDT, which were presented as part of accrued expenses and other current liabilities in our consolidated statements of financial position, amounted to Php15 million and Php8 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

PLDT and certain of its subsidiaries have existing agreements with Universal Robina Corporation and Robinsons Land Corporation for office and business office rental. Total fees under these contracts, which were presented as part of rent in our consolidated income statements, amounted to Php93 million and Php19 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Total fees under these contracts, which were presented as part of depreciation and amortization in our consolidated income statements, amounted to Php7 million and nil for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The carrying value of the ROU assets in our consolidated statements of financial position amounted to Php127 million and Php134 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Under these agreements, the outstanding obligations, which were presented as part of lease liabilities in our consolidated statements of financial position, amounted to Php136 million and Php143 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Under these agreements, the outstanding obligations, which were presented as part of accounts payable and accrued expenses and other current liabilities in our consolidated statements of financial position, amounted to Php36 million and Php59 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

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Total fees under these contracts, which were presented as part of financing costs - net in our consolidated income statements, amounted to Php1 million and nil for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. There were also other transactions such as professional and other contracted services, communication, training and travel, repairs and maintenance and miscellaneous expenses in our consolidated income statements, amounting to Php7 million andPhp15 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Under these agreements, the outstanding obligations for these transactions, which were presented as part of accounts payable and accrued expenses and other current liabilities in our consolidated statements of financial position, amounted to Php9million and Php3 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

PLDT and certain of its subsidiaries have insurance policies with Malayan covering directors, officers, liability to employees and material damages for buildings, building improvements, equipment and motor vehicles. The premiums are directly paid to Malayan. Total fees under these contracts, which were presented as part of insurance and security services in our consolidated income statements, amounted to Php65 million and Php55 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Under this agreement, outstanding prepayments, which were presented as part of prepayments in our consolidated statements of financial position, amounted to Php59 million and Php18 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 respectively, while the outstanding obligations, which were presented as part of accrued expenses and other current liabilities in our consolidated statements of financial position, amounted to Php65 million and Php10 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

Gotuaco acts as the broker for certain insurance companies to cover certain insurable properties of the PLDT Group. Insurance premiums are remitted to Gotuaco and the broker's fees are settled between Gotuaco and the insurance companies. Total fees under these contracts, which were presented as part of insurance and security services in our consolidated income statement, amounted to Php34 million and Php35 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Under this agreement, the outstanding prepayments, which were presented as part of prepayments in our consolidated statements of financial position, amounted to nil and Php5 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, while the outstanding obligations, which were presented as part of accounts payable and accrued expenses and other current liabilities in our consolidated statements of financial position, amounted to Php1 million and Php10 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

On March 1, 2018, Smart entered into an Advisory Services Agreement with FPIML, a subsidiary of the First Pacific Group and its Philippine affiliates. The agreement shall be effective for a period of one-year subject to a 12-month automatic renewal unless either party notifies the other party of its intent not to renew the agreement. FPIML provides advisory and related services in connection with the operation of Smart's business of providing mobile communications services, high-speed internet connectivity, and access to digital services and content. The agreement provides that Smart shall pay monthly service fee of US$$250 thousand and any additional fee shall be mutually agreed upon by both parties on a monthly basis. On March 26, 2020, Smart and FPIML mutually agreed to reduce the monthly service fee to US$100 thousand in consideration of the services provided under this agreement, effective April 1, 2020. Total professional fees under this agreement, which were presented as part of professional and other contracted services in our consolidated income statements, amounted to Php15 million and Php26 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Under these agreements, the outstanding obligations for these transactions, which were presented as part of accounts payable in our consolidated statements of financial position, amounted to Php5 million and nil as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

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In connection with the transfer by NTT Communications of approximately 12.6 million shares of PLDT's common stock to NTT DOCOMO pursuant to the SPA dated January 31, 2006 between NTT Communications and NTT DOCOMO, the FP Parties, NTT Communications and NTT DOCOMO entered into a Cooperation Agreement, dated January 31, 2006. Under the Cooperation Agreement, the relevant parties extended certain rights of NTT Communications under the Stock Purchase and Strategic Investment Agreement dated September 28, 1999, as amended, and the Shareholders Agreement dated March 24, 2000, to NTT DOCOMO, including:

Moreover, key provisions of the Cooperation Agreement pertain to, among other things:

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NTT Communications and NTT DOCOMO together beneficially owned approximately 20% of PLDT's outstanding common stock as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

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In 2010, PLDT and Smart entered into advertising placement agreements with TV5, a subsidiary of MediaQuest, which is a wholly-owned investee company of PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund for the airing and telecast of advertisements and commercials of PLDT and Smart on TV5's television network for a period of five years. The costs of telecast of each advertisement shall be applied and deducted from the placement amount only after the relevant advertisement or commercial is actually aired on TV5's television network. In June 2014, Smart and TV5 agreed to amend the liquidation schedule under the original advertising placement agreement by extending the term of expiry from 2015 to 2018. Total selling and promotions under the advertising placement agreements amounted to Php63 million and Php55 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. There were no prepayments under this advertising placement agreements as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

In May 2015, PLDT, Smart and DMPI entered into a four-year agreement with Cignal Cable commencing with the launch of the OTT video-on-demand service, or iflix service, in the Philippines on June 18, 2015. iflix service is provided by iFlix Sdn Bhd and Cignal Cable is the authorized reseller of the iflix service in the Philippines. Under the agreement, PLDT, Smart and DMPI were appointed by Cignal Cable to act as its internet service providers with an authority to resell and distribute the iflix service to their respective subscribers on a monthly and annual basis. The cost of services recognized amounted to nil for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020. Under this agreement, outstanding prepayments, which were presented as part of prepayments in our consolidated statements of financial position, amounted to nil as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. There were no outstanding obligations under this agreement as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

PLDT and Smart entered into a new two-year agreement with Cignal Cable to resell and distribute the iflix service to their respective subscribers effective June 18, 2019. The agreement stipulates that PLDT and Smart will each pay a minimum guarantee of US$1,500 thousand annually, which is committed for the Advertising Spend Guarantee. iflix shall pay PLDT and Smart 30% each of the monthly marketing costs subject to a monthly cap of US$500 thousand each. The cost of services, selling and promotions, and other income - net recognized in our consolidated income statement under this agreement amounted to nil for the three months ended March 31, 2021. The cost of services, selling and promotions, and other income - net recognized in our consolidated income statements under this agreement amounted to Php38 million, Php38 million and Php76 million, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2020. Under these agreements, the outstanding obligations, which were presented as part of accrued expenses and other current liabilities in our consolidated statements of financial position, amounted to nil and Php102 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

PLDT and certain of its subsidiaries provide telephone, data communication and other services to various related parties. The revenues under these services amounted to Php576 million and Php557 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The expenses under these services amounted to Php397 million and Php706 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

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Under these agreements, the ROU assets in our consolidated statement of financial position amounted to Php639 million and Php598 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, and the trade and other receivables in our consolidated statements of financial position amounted to Php2,216million and Php2,036 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Under these agreements, the outstanding obligations, which were presented as part of lease liabilities amounted to Php513million and Php569 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, accounts payable in our consolidated statements of financial position amounted to Php534million and Php1,049 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, and accrued expenses and other current liabilities amounted to Php12 million and Php63 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

See Note 11 - Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures - Investment of ePLDT in MediaQuest PDRs and Sale of PCEV's Receivables from MPIC for other related party transactions.

Compensation of Key Officers of the PLDT Group

The compensation of key officers of the PLDT Group by benefit type for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:

The amounts disclosed in the table above are the amounts recognized as expenses during the period related to key management personnel.

Effective January 2014, each of the directors, including the members of the advisory board of PLDT, was entitled to a director's fee in the amount of Php250 thousand for each board meeting attended. Each of the members or advisors of the audit, governance, nomination and sustainability, executive compensation, technology strategy, and risk and data privacy and information security committees was entitled to a fee in the amount of Php125 thousand for each committee meeting attended.

Total fees paid for board meetings and board committee meetings amounted to Php25 million and Php14 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Except for the fees mentioned above, the directors are not compensated, directly or indirectly, for their services as such directors.

There are no agreements between PLDT Group and any of its key management personnel providing for benefits upon termination of employment, except for such benefits to which they may be entitled under PLDT Group's retirement and incentive plans.

Pension

Defined Benefit Pension Plans

PLDT has defined benefit pension plans, operating under the legal name 'The Board of Trustees for the account of the Beneficial Trust Fund created pursuant to the Benefit Plan of PLDT Co.' and covering all of our permanent and regular employees. Certain subsidiaries of PLDT have not yet drawn up a specific retirement plan for its permanent or regular employees. For the purpose of complying with Revised PAS 19, pension benefit expense has been actuarially computed based on defined benefit plan.

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PLDT's actuarial valuation is performed every year-end. There is no significant change in the fair value of plan assets from December 31, 2020 to March 31, 2021. Based on the latest actuarial valuation, the actual present value of accrued (prepaid) benefit costsas at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, and net periodic benefit costs and average assumptions used in developing the valuation as at and for the three months ended March 31, 2021and 2020 are as follows:

Actual net losses on plan assets amounted to Php130 million and Php572 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Based on the latest actuarial valuation, our expected contribution to the defined benefit plan in 2021 will amount to Php1,880 million.

The following table sets forth the expected future settlements by the Plan of maturing defined benefit obligation as at March 31, 2021:

The average duration of the defined benefit obligation at the end of the reporting period is 8 to 19 years.

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The weighted average assumptions used to determine pension benefits for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020are as follows:

In 2019, we have changed the source of the mortality rates from the 1994 Group Annuity Mortality Table developed by the U.S. Society of Actuaries to the 2017 Philippine Intercompany Mortality Table developed by the Actuarial Society of the Philippines Life Insurance Committee. Both sources provide separate rates for males and females. The disability rates were based on the 1952 Disability Study of the U.S. Society of Actuaries for Period 2, Benefit 5 adjusted to suit local experience.

The sensitivity analysis below has been determined based on reasonably possible changes of each significant assumption on the defined benefit obligation as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, assuming if all other assumptions were held constant:

PLDT's Retirement Plan

The Board of Trustees, which manages the beneficial trust fund, is composed of: (i) a member of the Board of Directors of PLDT, who is not a beneficiary of the Plan; (ii) a member of the Board of Directors or a senior officer of PLDT, who is a beneficiary of the Plan; (iii) a senior member of the executive staff of PLDT; and
(iv) two persons who are not executives nor employees of PLDT.

Benefits are payable in the event of termination of employment due to: (i) compulsory, optional, or deferred retirement; (ii) death while in active service; (iii) physical disability; (iv) voluntary resignation; or
(v) involuntary separation from service. For a plan member with less than 15 years of credited services, retirement benefit is equal to 100% of final compensation for every year of service. For those with at least 15 years of service, retirement benefit is equal to 125% of final compensation for every year of service, with such percentage to be increased by an additional 5% for each completed year of service in excess of 15 years, but not to exceed a maximum of 200%. In case of voluntary resignation after attainment of age 40 and completion of at least 15 years of credited service, benefit is equal to a percentage of his vested retirement benefit, in accordance with percentages prescribed in the retirement plan.

The Board of Trustees of the beneficial trust fund uses an investment approach with the objective of maximizing the long-term expected return of plan assets.

The majority of the Plan's investment portfolio consists of listed and unlisted equity securities while the remaining portion consists of passive investments like temporary cash investments and fixed income investments.

The plan assets are primarily exposed to financial risks such as liquidity risk and price risk.

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Liquidity risk pertains to the plan's ability to meet its obligation to the employees upon retirement. To effectively manage liquidity risk, the Board of Trustees invests at least the equivalent amount of actuarially computed expected compulsory retirement benefit payments for the year to liquid/semi-liquid assets such as government securities, savings and time deposits with commercial banks.

Price risk pertains mainly to fluctuations in market prices of equity securities listed in the PSE. In order to effectively manage price risk, the Board of Trustees continuously assesses these risks by closely monitoring the market value of the securities and implementing prudent investment strategies.

The following table sets forth the fair values, which are equal to the carrying values, of PLDT's plan assets recognized as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

Investment in shares of stocks is valued using the latest bid price at the reporting date. Investments in corporate bonds, mutual funds and government securities are valued using the market values at reporting date.

Unquoted Equity Investments

As at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, this account consists of:

Investments in MediaQuest

MediaQuest was registered with the Philippine SEC on June 29, 1999 primarily to purchase, subscribe for or otherwise acquire and own, hold, use, manage, sell, assign, transfer, mortgage, pledge, exchange, or otherwise dispose of real and personal property or every kind and description, and to pay thereof in whole or in part, in cash or by exchanging, stocks, bonds and other evidences of indebtedness or securities of this any other corporation. Its investments include common shares of stocks of various communication, broadcasting and media entities.

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Investments in MediaQuest are carried at fair value. The VIU calculations were derived from cash flow projections over a period of five years based on the 2021 financial budgets approved by the MediaQuest's Board of Directors and calculated terminal value. Other key assumptions used in the cash flow projections include revenue growth rate, direct costs and capital expenditures. The post-tax discount rates applied to cash flow projections range from 11.6% to 11.7%. Cash flows beyond the five-year period are determined using 0.0% to 5.0% growth rates.

On May 8, 2012, the Board of Trustees of the PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund approved the issuance by MediaQuest of PDRs amounting to Php6 billion. The underlying shares of these PDRs are the shares of stocks of Cignal TV held by MediaQuest through Satventures (Cignal TV PDRs). On the same date, MediaQuest Board of Directors approved the investment in Cignal TV PDRs by ePLDT, which gave ePLDT a 40% economic interest in Cignal TV. In June 2012, MediaQuest received a deposit for future PDRs subscription of Php4 billion from ePLDT. Additional deposits of Php1 billion each were received on July 6, 2012 and August 9, 2012.

On January 25, 2013, the Board of Trustees of the PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund and the MediaQuest Board of Directors approved the issuance of additional MediaQuest PDRs amounting to Php3.6 billion. The underlying shares of these additional PDRs are the shares of Satventures held by MediaQuest (Satventures PDRs), the holder of which will have a 40% economic interest in Satventures. Satventures is a wholly-owned subsidiary of MediaQuest and the investment vehicle for Cignal TV. From March to August 2013, MediaQuest received from ePLDT an amount aggregating to Php3.6 billion representing deposits for future PDRs subscription. The Satventures PDRs and Cignal TV PDRs were subsequently issued on September 27, 2013, providing ePLDT an effective 64% economic interest in Cignal TV.

Also, on January 25, 2013, the Board of Trustees of the PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund and the MediaQuest Board of Directors approved the issuance of additional MediaQuest PDRs amounting to Php1.95 billion. The underlying shares of these additional PDRs are the shares of stocks of Hastings held by MediaQuest (Hastings PDRs). Hastings is a wholly-owned subsidiary of MediaQuest, which holds all the print-related investments of MediaQuest, including equity interests in the three leading newspapers: The Philippine Star, Philippine Daily Inquirer, and Business World. From June 2013 to October 2013, MediaQuest received from ePLDT an amount aggregating to Php1.95 billion representing deposits for future PDRs subscription.

On February 19, 2014, ePLDT's Board of Directors approved an additional Php500 million investment in Hastings PDRs. On March 11, 2014, MediaQuest received from ePLDT an amount aggregating to Php300 million representing deposits for future PDRs subscription. As at December 31, 2014, total deposit for PDRs subscription amounted to Php2,250 million.

On May 21, 2015, ePLDT's Board of Directors approved an additional Php800 million investment in Hastings PDRs and settlement of the Php200 million balance of the Php500 million Hastings PDR investment in 2014. Subsequently, on May 30, 2015, the Board of Trustees of the PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund and the Board of Directors of MediaQuest approved the issuance of Php3,250 million Hastings PDRs. This provided ePLDT with 70% economic interest in Hastings. In February 2018, ePLDT entered into a Deed of Assignment with the Board of Trustees of the PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund transferring the Hastings PDRs for Php1,664 million. See Note 11 - Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures - Investment of ePLDT in MediaQuest PDRs.

In 2019 and 2020, the Board of Trustees of the PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund approved additional investment in MediaQuest amounting to Php3,100 million and Php1,400 million, respectively, to fund MediaQuest's investment requirements. The full amounts were fully drawn by MediaQuest during 2019 and 2020.

In 2021, the Board of Trustees of the PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund approved the additional investment in MediaQuest amounting to Php2,000 million to fund MediaQuest's investment requirements. As at March 31, 2021, MediaQuest has fully drawn the total amount of Php400 million. Loss on changes in fair value of the investment as at March 31, 2021 amounting to Php256 million was recognized in the statement of changes in net assets available for plan benefits under 'Net fair value gain (loss) on investments.'

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Investment in TMBLA

TMBLA was incorporated for the primary purpose of accumulating the savings of its stockholders and lending funds to them for housing programs. The beneficial trust fund's total investment into TMBLA amounted to Php119 million consisting of initial direct subscription in shares of stocks of TMBLA in the amount of Php20 million (net of unpaid subscription amounting to Php32 million) and subsequent via a Deed of Pledge amounting to Php99 million The cumulative change in the fair market values of this investment amounted to Php422 million and Php423 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

Investment in BTFHI

BTFHI was incorporated for the primary purpose of acquiring voting preferred shares in PLDT and while the owner, holder of possessor thereof, to exercise all the rights, powers, and privileges of ownership or any other interest therein.

On October 26, 2012, BTFHI subscribed to a total of 150 million shares of Voting Preferred Stock of PLDT at a subscription price of Php1.00 per share for a total subscription price of Php150 million. Total cash dividend income amounted to Php2 million for each of the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020. Dividend receivables amounted to Php2 million each as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

Shares of Stocks

As at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, this account consists of:

Dividends earned on PLDT common shares amounted toPhp1 million for each of the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.

Preferred shares represent 300 million unlisted preferred shares of PLDT at Php10 par value, net of subscription payable of Php2,640 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. These shares, which bear dividend of 13.5% per annum based on the paid-up subscription price, are cumulative, non-convertible and redeemable at par value at the option of PLDT. Dividends earned on this investment amounted to Php12 million for each of the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.

Corporate Bonds

Investment in corporate bonds includes various long-term peso and dollar denominated bonds with maturities ranging from January 2021 to September 2027 and fixed interest rates from 2.63% to 6.94% per annum. Total investment in corporate bonds amounted to Php254 million and Php255 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

Government Securities

Investment in government securities includes Premyo Bonds bearing an interest rate of 1.25% per annum. This security is fully guaranteed by the government of the Republic of the Philippines. Total investment in government securities amounted to Php76 million each as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

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Mutual Funds

Investment in mutual funds includes local equity and offshore funds, which aims to out-perform benchmarks in various indices as part of its investment strategy. Total investment in mutual funds amounted to Php28 million and Php21 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

The allocation of the fair value of the assets for the PLDT pension plan as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:

Defined Contribution Plans

Smart's and certain of its subsidiaries' contributions to the plan are made based on the employees' years of tenure and range from 5% to 10% of the employee's monthly salary. Additionally, an employee has an option to make a personal contribution to the fund, at an amount not exceeding 10% of his monthly salary. The employer then provides an additional contribution to the fund ranging from 10% to 50% of the employee's contribution based on the employee's years of tenure. Although the plan has a defined contribution format, Smart and certain of its subsidiaries regularly monitor their compliance with Republic Act No. 7641. As at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, Smart and certain of its subsidiaries were in compliance with the requirements of Republic Act No. 7641.

Smart's and certain of its subsidiaries' actuarial valuation is performed every year-end. There is no significant change in the fair value of plan assets from December 31, 2020 to March 31, 2021. Based on the latest actuarial valuation, the actual present value of prepaid benefit costs as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, and the net periodic benefit costs and average assumptions used in developing the valuation for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:

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Smart's net consolidated pension benefit costs amounted to Php72 million and Php68 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Actual net gains on plan assets amounted to nil for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.

Based on the latest actuarial valuation, Smart and certain of its subsidiaries expect to contribute the amount of approximately Php299 million to the plan in 2021.

The following table sets forth the expected future settlements by the Plan of maturing defined benefit obligation as at March 31, 2021:

⁽¹⁾April 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021.

The average duration of the defined benefit obligation at the end of the reporting period is 13 years.

The weighted average assumptions used to determine pension benefits for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:

The sensitivity analysis below has been determined based on reasonably possible changes of each significant assumption on the defined benefit obligation as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, assuming if all other assumptions were held constant:

Smart's Retirement Plan

The fund is being managed and invested by BPI Asset Management and Trust Corporation, as Trustee, pursuant to an amended trust agreement dated February 21, 2012.

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The plan's investment portfolio seeks to achieve regular income, long-term capital growth and consistent performance over its own portfolio benchmark. In order to attain this objective, the Trustee's mandate is to invest in a diversified portfolio of bonds and equities, both domestic and international. The portfolio mix is kept at 70% and 30% for fixed income securities and equity securities, respectively.

The following table sets forth the fair values, which are equal to the carrying values, of Smart's plan assets recognized as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

Domestic Fixed Income

Investments in domestic fixed income include Philippine Peso denominated bonds, such as government securities and corporate debt securities, with fixed interest rates from 2.8% to 12.0% per annum. Total investments in domestic fixed income amounted to Php2,526 million and Php2,416 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

International Equities

Investments in international equities include exchange traded funds, mutual funds and unit investment trust funds managed by BlackRock, Invesco, and Wellington Management and BPI Asset Management and Trust Corporation. Total investments in international equities amounted to Php879 million and Php902 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

Domestic Equities

Investments in domestic equities include direct equity investments in common shares listed in the PSE. These investments earn on stock price appreciation and dividend payments. Total investment in domestic equities amounted to Php712 million and Php832 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. This includes investment in PLDT shares with fair value of Php29 million and Php44 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

Philippine Foreign Currency Bonds

Investments in Philippine foreign currency bonds include U.S. Dollar denominated fixed income instruments issued by the Philippine government and local corporations with fixed interest rates from 2.95% to 10.63% per annum. Total investment in Philippine foreign currency bonds amounted to Php213 million and Php240 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

International Fixed Income

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Investments in international fixed income include exchange traded funds, mutual funds and unit investment trust funds managed by Pacific Investment Management. Total investments in international fixed income amounted to Php73 million and Php74 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

This pertains to the fund's excess liquidity in Philippine Peso and U.S. Dollars including investments in time deposits, money market funds and other deposit products of banks with duration or tenor less than a year.

The asset allocation of the Plan is set and reviewed from time to time by the Plan Trustees taking into account the membership profile, the liquidity requirements of the Plan and risk appetite of the Plan sponsor. This considers the expected benefit cash flows to be matched with asset durations.

The plan assets are primarily exposed to financial risks such as liquidity risk and price risk.

Liquidity risk pertains to the plan's ability to meet its obligation to the employees upon retirement. To effectively manage liquidity risk, the Plan Trustees invest a portion of the fund in readily tradeable and liquid investments which can be sold at any given time to fund liquidity requirements.

Price risk pertains mainly to fluctuations in market prices of equity securities listed in the PSE. In order to effectively manage price risk, the Plan Trustees continuously assess these risks by closely monitoring the market value of the securities and implementing prudent investment strategies.

The allocation of the fair value of Smart and certain of its subsidiaries pension plan assets as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 is as follows:

Other Long-term Employee Benefits

Cycle 1 TIP

On September 26, 2017, the Board of Directors of PLDT approved the TIP which intends to provide incentive compensation to key officers, executives and other eligible participants who are consistent performers and contributors to the Company's strategic and financial goals. The incentive compensation will be in the form of Performance Shares, PLDT common shares of stock, which will be released in three annual grants on the condition, among others, that pre-determined consolidated core net income targets are successfully achieved over three annual performance periods from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2019. On September 26, 2017, the Board of Directors approved the acquisition of 860 thousand Performance Shares to be awarded under the TIP. On March 7, 2018, the ECC of the Board approved the acquisition of additional 54 thousand shares, increasing the total Performance Shares to 914 thousand. Metrobank, through its Trust Banking Group, is the appointed Trustee of the trust established for purposes of the TIP. The Trustee is designated to acquire the PLDT common shares in the open market through the facilities of the PSE and administer their distribution to the eligible participants subject to the terms and conditions of the TIP. On December 11, 2018, the ECC of the Board approved Management's recommended modifications to the Plan, and partial equity and cash settled set-up was implemented for the 2019 TIP Grant. The revised set-up includes a fixed number of shares that will be granted ('equity award') and the estimated fair value of the difference between the number of shares granted in the original equity grant and the equity award will be paid in cash ('cash award'). The fair value of the cash award is determined at each reporting date using the estimated fair value of the corresponding shares.

As at May 6, 2021, a total of 757 thousand PLDT common shares have been acquired by the Trustee, of which 238 thousand PLDT common shares have been released on March 12, 2020, April 7, 2020 and January 19,

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2021 for the 2019 annual grant, and 302 thousand PLDT common shares have been released on March 28, 2019 for the 2018 annual grant, and 204 thousand shares on April 15, 2018 for the 2017 annual grant.The cash award for the 2019 annual grant that was paid on March 12, 2020 amounted to Php654 million. The TIP is administered by the ECC of the Board.

Cycle 2 TIP

On August 7, 2020, the ECC approved the adjusted TIP that covers the years 2020 and 2021, and will be settled in cash. The cash grant will be for the two years covered and payment will be in 2022. The Cycle 2 TIP will be based on the achievement of the CCNI for the years 2020 and 2021.

This other long-term employee benefit liability is recognized and measured using the projected unit credit method and to be amortized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period.

The expense accrued for the TIP amounted to Php297 million and Php210 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The accrued incentive payable, representing the cash settled set-up amounted to Php1,428 million and Php1,134 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. See Note 3 - Management's Use of Accounting Judgments, Estimates and Assumptions - Estimating Pension Benefit Costs and Other Employee Benefits and Note 5 - Income and Expenses - Compensation and Employee Benefits.

PLDT's Local Business and Franchise Tax Assessments

Pursuant to a decision of the Supreme Court on March 25, 2003 in the case of PLDT vs. City of Davao declaring PLDT not exempt from the local franchise tax, PLDT started paying local franchise tax to various local government units, or LGUs. As at March 31, 2021, PLDT has no contested LGU assessments for franchise taxes based on gross receipts received or collected for services within its respective territorial jurisdiction.

Smart's Local Business and Franchise Tax Assessments

The Province of Cagayan issued a tax assessment against Smart for alleged local franchise tax. In 2011, Smart appealed the assessment to the Regional Trial Court, or RTC, of Makati on the ground that Smart cannot be held liable for local franchise tax mainly because it has no sales office within the Province of Cagayan pursuant to Section 137 of the Local Government Code (Republic Act No. 7160). The RTC issued a TRO and a writ of preliminary injunction. On April 30, 2012, the RTC rendered a decision nullifying the tax assessment. The Province of Cagayan was also directed to cease and desist from imposing local franchise taxes on Smart's gross receipts. The Province of Cagayan then appealed to the Court of Tax Appeals, or CTA. In a Decision promulgated on July 25, 2013, the CTA ruled that the franchise tax assessment is null and void for lack of legal and factual justifications. Cagayan's Motion for Reconsideration was denied. Cagayan then appealed before the CTA En Banc. The CTA En Banc issued a Decision dated December 8, 2015 affirming the nullity of the tax assessment. On January 26, 2016, the Province of Cagayan filed a Partial Motion for Reconsideration, praying among others, that the Court enter a new decision declaring as valid and legal the tax assessment issued by Province of Cagayan to Smart. The CTA En Banc then issued a Resolution dated June 22, 2016 denying the Partial Motion for Reconsideration filed by the Province of Cagayan for lack of merit. On July 31, 2016, the Decision dated December 8, 2015 became final and executory and recorded in the book of entries of judgement of the CTA.

In 2016, Cagayan issued another local franchise tax assessment against Smart covering years 2011-2015. Using the same grounds in the first case, Smart appealed the assessment with the RTC of Tuguegarao where the case is pending. The RTC then directed the parties to file their respective Memorandum within 30 days from date of receipt. Smart filed its Memorandum on November 7, 2018 and the case is now submitted for resolution.

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Digitel's Franchise Tax Assessment and Real Property Tax Assessment

Digitel is discussing with various local government units as to settlement of its franchise tax and real property tax liabilities.

DMPI vs. City of Trece Martires

In 2010, DMPI petitioned to declare void the City of Trece Martires ordinance of imposing tower fee of Php150 thousand for each cell site every year. Application for the issuance of a preliminary injunction by DMPI is pending resolution as of date.

ACeS Philippines'Withholding Tax Assessments

ACeS Philippines has a pending case with the Supreme Court (ACeS Philippines Satellite Corporation vs. Commissioner of Internal Revenue Supreme Court G.R. No. 226680) for alleged 2006 deficiency withholding tax. On July 23, 2014, the CTA Second Division affirmed the assessment of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue for deficiency basic withholding tax, surcharge plus deficiency interest and delinquency interest amounting to Php87 million. On November 18, 2014, ACeS Philippines filed a Petition for Review with the CTA En Banc. On August 16, 2016, the CTA En Banc also affirmed the assessment with finality. Hence, on October 19, 2016, ACeS Philippines filed a petition before the Supreme Court assailing the decision of the CTA. ACeS Philippines intends to file a formal request for compromise of tax liabilities before the BIR while the case is pending before the Supreme Court. On February 23, 2017 and March 15, 2017, respectively, the Company paid and filed a formal request for compromise of tax liabilities amounting to Php27 million before the BIR while the case is pending before the Supreme Court. The application for compromise was denied on November 14, 2018.

ACeS Philippines entered into an amicable settlement with the Bureau of Internal Revenue pursuant to the provisions of the Civil Code of the Philippines. On February 19, 2021, ACeS Philippines paid an additional compromise amounting to Php20,000,000. ACeS Philippines has no outstanding Letter of Authority for other years.

Arbitration with Eastern Telecommunications Philippines, Inc., or ETPI

Since 1990 up to the present, PLDT and ETPI have been engaged in legal proceedings involving a number of issues in connection with their business relationship. Among PLDT's claims against ETPI are ETPI's alleged uncompensated bypass of PLDT's systems from July 1, 1998 to November 28, 2003; unpaid access charges from July 1, 1999 to November 28, 2003; and non-payment of applicable rates for Off-Net and On-Net traffic from January 1, 1999 to November 28, 2003 arising from ETPI's unilateral reduction of its rates for the Philippines-Hong Kong traffic stream through Hong Kong REACH-ETPI circuits. ETPI's claims against PLDT, on the other hand, involve an alleged Philippines-Hong Kong traffic shortfall for the period July 1, 1998 to November 28, 2003; unpaid share of revenues generated from PLDT's activation of additional growth circuits in the Philippines-Singapore traffic stream for the period July 1, 1999 to November 28, 2003; under reporting of ETPI share of revenues under the terms of a Compromise Agreement for the period January 1, 1999 to November 28, 2003 (which ETPI is seeking to retroact to February 6, 1990); lost revenues arising from PLDT's blocking of incoming traffic from Hong Kong from November 1, 2001 up to November 2003; and lost revenues arising from PLDT's circuit migration from January 1, 2001 up to December 31, 2001.

While the parties have entered into Compromise Agreements in the past (one in February 1990 and another in March 1999), said agreements have not put to rest the issues between them. To avoid protracted litigation and to preserve their business relationship, PLDT and ETPI agreed to submit their differences and issues to voluntary arbitration. On April 16, 2008, PLDT and ETPI signed an Arbitration Settlement Agreement and submitted their respective Statement of Claims and Answers. Subsequent to such submissions, PLDT and ETPI agreed to suspend the arbitration proceedings. ETPI's total claim against PLDT is about Php2.9 billion while PLDT's total claim against ETPI is about Php2.8 billion.

In an agreement, PLDT and Globe have agreed that they shall cause ETPI, within a reasonable time after May 30, 2016, to dismiss Civil Case No. 17694 entitled Eastern Telecommunications Philippines, Inc. vs. Philippine

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Long Distance Telephone Company, and all related or incidental proceedings (including the voluntary arbitration between ETPI and PLDT), and PLDT, in turn, simultaneously, shall withdraw its counterclaims against ETPI in the same entitled case, all with prejudice.

Department of Labor and Employment, or DOLE, Compliance Order, or Order, to PLDT

In a series of orders including a Compliance Order issued by the DOLE Regional Office on July 3, 2017, which was partly affirmed by DOLE Secretary Silvestre Bello, III, or DOLE Secretary, in his resolutions dated January 10, 2018 and April 24, 2018, the DOLE had previously ordered PLDT to regularize 7,344 workers from 38 of PLDT's third party service contractors. PLDT questioned these 'regularization orders' before the CA, which led to the July 31, 2018 Decision of the CA.

In sum, the CA: (i) granted PLDT's prayer for an injunction against the regularization orders; (ii) set aside the regularization orders insofar as they declared that there was labor-only contracting of the following functions: (a) janitorial services, messengerial and clerical services; (b) information technology, or IT, firms and services; (c) IT support services, both hardware and software, and applications development; (d) back office support and office operations; (e) business process outsourcing or call centers; (f) sales; and (g) medical, dental engineering and other professional services; and (iii) remanded to the DOLE for further proceedings, the matters of:
(a) determining which contractors, and which individuals deployed by these contractors, are performing installation, repair and maintenance of PLDT lines; and (b) properly computing monetary awards for benefits such as unpaid overtime or 13th month pay, which in the regularization orders amounted to Php51.8 million.

The CA agreed with PLDT's contention that the DOLE Secretary's regularization order was 'tainted with grave abuse of discretion' because it did not meet the 'substantial evidence' standards set out by the Supreme Court in landmark jurisprudence. The Court also said that the DOLE's appreciation of evidence leaned in favor of the contractor workers, and that the DOLE Secretary had 'lost sight' of distinctions involving the labor law concepts of 'control over means and methods,' and 'control over results.'

On August 20, 2018, PLDT filed a motion seeking a partial reconsideration of that part of the CA decision, which ordered a remand to the Office of the Regional Director of the DOLE-National Capital Region of the matter of the regularization of individuals performing installation, repair and maintenance, or IRM, services. In its motion, PLDT argued that the fact-finding process contemplated by the Court's remand order is actually not part of the visitorial power of the DOLE (i.e., the evidence that will need to be assessed cannot be gleaned in the 'normal course' of a labor inspection) and is therefore, outside the jurisdiction of the DOLE Secretary.

PLDT also questioned that part of the CA ruling which seems to conclude that all IRM jobs are 'regular.' It argued that the law recognizes that some work of this nature can be project-based or seasonal in nature. Instead of the DOLE, PLDT suggested that the National Labor Relations Commission - a tribunal with better fact-finding powers - take over from the DOLE to determine whether the jobs are in fact IRM, and if so, whether they are 'regular' or can be considered project-based or seasonal.

Both adverse parties, the PLDT rank-and-file labor union Manggagawa sa Komunikasyon ng Pilipinas, or MKP, and the DOLE filed Motions for Reconsideration.

On February 14, 2019, the CA issued a Resolution denying all Motions for Reconsideration and upheld its July 31, 2018 Decision. After filing a Motion for Extension of Time on March 7, 2019, PLDT filed on April 5, 2019 a Petition for Review with the Supreme Court, questioning only one aspect of the CA decision i.e. its order remanding to the DOLE the determination of which jobs fall within the scope of 'installation, repair and maintenance,' without however a qualification as to the 'project' or 'seasonal' nature of those engagements. The Supreme Court has consolidated PLDT's Petition with the separate Petitions for Review filed by the DOLE and MKP. On February 17, 2020, PLDT submitted its Comment on the Petitions for Review filed by the DOLE Secretary and MKP. PLDT also received the Comment filed by MKP and the DOLE Secretary dated January 13, 2020 and September 3, 2020, respectively. On September 10, 2020, PLDT filed a Motion for Leave and for Time to File a Consolidated Reply (re: MKP's Comment dated January 13, 2020 and DOLE Secretary's Comment dated September 3, 2020). On December 23, 2020, PLDT filed its Reply to the Comment submitted by MKP and the DOLE Secretary. On March 11, 2021, PLDT received DOLE's Reply dated March 2, 2021. To date, the Petition is pending resolution by the Supreme Court.

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Attys. Baquiran and Tecson vs. NTC, et al.

This is a Petition for Mandamus filed on October 23, 2018 byAttys. Joseph Lemuel Baligod Baquiran and Ferdinand C. Tecson against the Respondents NTC, the PCC, Liberty, BellTel, Globe, PLDT and Smart. Briefly, the case involves the 700 MHz frequency, among others, or Subject Frequencies, that was originally assigned to Liberty and which eventually became subject of the Co-Use Agreement between Globe, on the one hand, and PLDT and Smart, on the other.

The Petition prayed that: (a) a Temporary Restraining Order, or TRO, /Writ of Preliminary Injunction, or WPI, be issued to enjoin and restrain Globe, PLDT and Smart from utilizing and monopolizing the Subject Frequencies and the NTC from bidding out or awarding the frequencies returned by PLDT, Smart and Globe; (b) the NTC's conditional assignment of the Subject Frequencies be declared unconstitutional, illegal and void; (c) alternatively, Liberty and its successors-in-interest be divested of the Subject Frequencies and the same be reverted to the State; (d) Liberty be declared to have transgressed Section 11 (1), Article XVI of the Constitution; (e) Liberty and its parent company be declared to have contravened paragraph 2 of Section 10, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution; (f) Liberty's assignment of the Subject Frequencies to BellTel be declared illegal and void; (g) the Co-Use Agreement be declared invalid; (h) the NTC be found to have unlawfully neglected the performance of its positive duties; (i) the PCC be found to have unlawfully neglected the performance of its positive duties; (j) a Writ of Mandamus be issued commanding the NTC to revoke the Co-Use Agreement, recall the Subject Frequencies in favor of the State, and make the same available to the best qualified telecommunication players; (k) a Writ of Mandamus be issued commanding the PCC to conduct a full review of PLDT's and Globe's acquisition of all issued and outstanding shares of Vega Telecom; (l) an Investigation of NTC be ordered for possible violation of Section 3 (e) of Republic Act No. 3019 and other applicable laws; and (m) the said TRO/WPI be made permanent.

Essentially, petitioners contend that the NTC's assignments of the Subject Frequencies of Liberty were void for failing to comply with Section 4 (c) of Republic Act No. 7925 which essentially states that 'the radio frequency spectrum is a scarce public resource xxx.' Even assuming the assignments were valid, Liberty should be deemed divested of the same by operation of law (with the Subject Frequencies reverted to the State), considering that it underutilized or never utilized the Subject Frequencies in violation of the terms and conditions of the assignment. Assuming further that the NTC's assignments of the Subject Frequencies were valid and that Liberty was not divested of the same by operation of law, still, Liberty did not validly assign the Subject Frequencies to BellTel because of the absence of Congressional approval. Petitioners conclude that since the assignments of the Subject Frequencies from the NTC to Liberty, and from Liberty to BellTel, were all illegal and void, it follows that the Subject Frequencies could not serve as the object of the Co-Use Agreement between PLDT, Smart and Globe.

On November 23, 2018, PLDT filed an Entry of Appearance on behalf of PLDT and Smart. On January 17, 2019, PLDT and Smart filed their Comment. Essentially, the Comment raised the following arguments: first, that the requisites for judicial review and for a mandamus petition are lacking; second, that there was no need for Liberty to obtain prior Congressional approval before it assigned the Subject Frequencies to BellTel; and third, that the Co-Use Agreement is valid and approved by the NTC, and did not violate the Constitution or any laws.

On January 15, 2019, PLDT received a copy of BellTel's Comment/Opposition dated January 10, 2019. On February 12, 2019, PLDT received a copy of Globe Telecom, Inc.'s, or Globe's Comment/Opposition dated January 21, 2019. In a Resolution dated March 19, 2019, the Supreme Court noted the aforesaid filings. As at the date of the report, however, PLDT has not received any pleadings from the OSG on behalf of the public respondents.

On June 18, 2019, the Supreme Court issued a Resolution consolidating this case with G.R. No. 230798 (Philippine Competition Commission vs. CA [Twelfth Division] and PLDT; Globe, intervenor) and G.R. No. 234969 (Philippine Competition Commission vs. PLDT and Globe). The consolidated cases were assigned to the Court in charge of G.R. No. 230798, the case with the lowest docket number.

Other disclosures required by PAS 37, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets, were not provided as it may prejudice our position in on-going claims, litigations and assessments. See Note 3 - Management's Use of Accounting Judgments, Estimates and Assumptions - Provision for legal contingencies and tax assessments.

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We have various financial assets such as trade and non-trade receivables, cash and short-term deposits. Our principal financial liabilities, other than derivatives, comprise of bank loans, lease liabilities, trade and non-trade payables. The main purpose of these financial liabilities is to finance our operations. We also enter into derivative transactions, primarily principal only-currency swap agreements, interest rate swaps and forward foreign exchange contracts and options to manage the currency and interest rate risks arising from our operations and sources of financing. Our accounting policies in relation to derivatives are set out in Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Financial Instruments.

The following table sets forth our consolidated financial assets and financial liabilities as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

⁽³⁾Includes RCBC Redemption Trust Account. See Note 20 - Equity - Redemption of Preferred Stock.

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⁽³⁾Includes RCBC Redemption Trust Account. See Note 20 - Equity - Redemption of Preferred Stock.

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The following table sets forth our consolidated offsetting of financial assets and liabilities recognized as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

There are no financial instruments subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

The following table sets forth our consolidated carrying values and estimated fair values of our financial assets and liabilities recognized as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 other than those whose carrying amounts are reasonable approximations of fair values:

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Below is the list of our consolidated financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value that are classified using a fair value hierarchy as required for our complete sets of consolidated financial statements as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. This classification provides a reasonable basis to illustrate the nature and extent of risks associated with those financial statements.

As at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, there were no transfers into and out of Level 3 fair value measurements.

As at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, there were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 fair value measurements.

The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instrument for which it is practicable to estimate such value:

Long-term financial assets and liabilities:

Fair value is based on the following:

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Derivative Financial Instruments

Forward foreign exchange contracts, foreign currency swaps and interest rate swaps: The fair values were computed as the present value of estimated future cash flows using market U.S. Dollar and Philippine Peso interest rates as at valuation date.

The valuation techniques considered various inputs including the credit quality of counterparties.

Due to the short-term nature of the transactions, the fair value of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, trade and other receivables, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities and dividends payable approximate their carrying values as at the end of the reporting period.

Our derivative financial instruments are accounted for as either cash flow hedges or transactions not designated as hedges. Cash flow hedges refer to those transactions that hedge our exposure to variability in cash flows attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognized financial asset or liability and exposures arising from forecast transactions. Changes in the fair value of these instruments representing effective hedges are recognized directly in other comprehensive income until the hedged item is recognized in our consolidated income statement. For transactions that are not designated as hedges, any gains or losses arising from the changes in fair value are recognized directly to income for the period.

As at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we have taken into account the counterparties' credit risks (for derivative assets) and our own non-performance risk (for derivative liabilities) and have included a credit or debit valuation adjustment, as appropriate, by assessing the maximum credit exposure and taking into account market-based inputs which considers the risk of default occurring and corresponding losses once the default event occurs. The changes in counterparty credit risk had no material effect on the hedge effectiveness assessment for derivatives designated in hedge relationships and other financial instruments recognized at fair value.

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The table below sets out the information about our consolidated derivative financial instruments as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

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Our derivative financial instruments as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are presented in the statements of financial position as follows:

Movements of our consolidated mark-to-market gains (losses) for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and for the year ended December 31, 2020 are summarized as follows:

Our consolidated analysis of gains (losses) on derivative financial instruments for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:

Financial Risk Management Objectives and Policies

The main risks arising from our financial instruments are liquidity risk, foreign currency exchange risk, interest rate risk and credit risk. The importance of managing those risks has significantly increased in light of the considerable change and volatility in both the Philippine and international financial markets. Our Board of

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Directors reviews and approves policies for managing each of these risks, which are summarized below. We also monitor the market price risk arising from all financial instruments.

Liquidity Risk

Our exposure to liquidity risk refers to the risk that our financial requirements, working capital requirements and planned capital expenditures will not be met.

We manage our liquidity profile to be able to finance our operations and capital expenditures, service our maturing debts and meet our other financial obligations. To cover our financing requirements, we use internally generated funds and proceeds from debt and equity issues and sales of certain assets.

As part of our liquidity risk management program, we regularly evaluate our projected and actual cash flows, including our loan maturity profiles, and continuously assess conditions in the financial markets for opportunities to pursue fund-raising initiatives. These activities may include bank loans, export credit agency-guaranteed facilities, debt capital and equity market issues.

Any excess funds are primarily invested in short-term and principal-protected bank products that provide flexibility of withdrawing the funds anytime. We also allocate a portion of our cash in longer tenor investments such as fixed income securities issued or guaranteed by the Republic of the Philippines, and Philippine banks and corporates and managed funds. We regularly evaluate available financial products and monitor market conditions for opportunities to enhance yields at acceptable risk levels. Our investments are also subject to certain restrictions contained in our debt covenants. Our funding arrangements are designed to keep an appropriate balance between equity and debt and to provide financing flexibility while enhancing our businesses.

Our cash position remains sufficient to support our planned capital expenditure requirements and service our debt and financing obligations; however, we may be required to finance a portion of our future capital expenditures from external financing sources. We have cash and cash equivalents, and short-term investments amounting to Php31,481 million and Php995 million, respectively, as at March 31, 2021, which we can use to meet our short-term liquidity needs. See Note 16 - Cash and Cash Equivalents.

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The following table summarizes the maturity profile of our financial assets based on our consolidated undiscounted claims outstanding as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

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The following table summarizes the maturity profile of our financial liabilities based on our consolidated contractual undiscounted obligations outstanding as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

Debt

See Note 21 - Interest-bearing Financial Liabilities - Long-term Debt for a detailed discussion of our debt.

Our consolidated future minimum lease commitments payable with non-cancellable leases as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:

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Various Trade and Other Obligations

PLDT Group has various obligations to suppliers for the acquisition of phone and network equipment, contractors for services rendered on various projects, foreign administrations and domestic carriers for the access charges, shareholders for unpaid dividends distributions, employees for benefits and other related obligations, and various business and operational related agreements. Total obligations under these various agreements amounted to approximately Php185,739 million and Php169,808 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. See Note 23 - Accounts Payable and Note 24 - Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities.

Commercial Commitments

Our outstanding consolidated commercial commitments, in the form of letters of credit, amounted to nil as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. See Note 11 - Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures - Investments of PLDT in VTI, Bow Arken and Brightshare.

Collateral

There are no pledges as collaterals with respect to its financial liabilities as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

Foreign currency exchange risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in foreign exchange rates.

The revaluation of our foreign currency-denominated financial assets and liabilities as a result of the appreciation or depreciation of the Philippine Peso is recognized as foreign exchange gains or losses as at the end of the reporting period. The extent of foreign exchange gains or losses is largely dependent on the amount of foreign currency denominated financial assets and liabilities. While a certain percentage of our revenues are either linked to or denominated in U.S. Dollars, a substantial portion of our capital expenditures, a portion of our indebtedness and related interest expense and a portion of our operating expenses are denominated in foreign currencies, mostly in U.S. Dollars. As such, a strengthening or weakening of the Philippine Peso against the U.S. Dollar will decrease or increase in Philippine Peso terms both the principal amount of our foreign currency-denominated debts and the related interest expense, our foreign currency-denominated capital expenditures and operating expenses as well as our U.S. Dollar-linked and U.S. Dollar-denominated revenues. In addition, many of our financial ratios and other financial tests are affected by the movements in the Philippine Peso to U.S. Dollar exchange rate.

To manage our foreign exchange risks and to stabilize our cash flows in order to improve investment and cash flow planning, we enter into forward foreign exchange contracts, currency swap contracts, currency option contracts and other hedging products aimed at reducing and/or managing the adverse impact of changes in foreign exchange rates on our operating results and cash flows. Further details of the risk management strategy are recognized in our hedge designation documentation. We use forward foreign exchange purchase contracts, currency swap contracts and currency option contracts to manage the foreign currency risks associated with our foreign currency-denominated financial liabilities. We accounted for these instruments as either cash flow hedges, wherein changes in the fair value are recognized in our consolidated other comprehensive income until the hedged transaction affects our consolidated income statement or transactions not designated as hedges, wherein changes in the fair value are recognized directly as income or expense for the period.

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The impact of the hedging instruments on our consolidated statements of financial position as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:

The impact of the hedged items on our consolidated statements of financial position as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:

The effect of the cash flow hedge on our consolidated income statements and statements of other comprehensive income as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:

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The following table shows our consolidated foreign currency-denominated monetary financial assets and liabilities and their Philippine Peso equivalents as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

As at May 5, 2021, the Philippine Peso-U.S. Dollar exchange rate was Php48.03 to US$1.00. Using this exchange rate, our consolidated net foreign currency-denominated financial liabilities would have decreased in Philippine Peso terms by Php941 million as at March 31, 2021.

Approximately 18% of our total consolidated debts (net of consolidated debt discount) was denominated in U.S. Dollars each as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. Our consolidated foreign currency-denominated debt decreased to Php40,438 million as at March 31, 2021 from Php40,872 million as at December 31, 2020, respectively. See Note 21 - Interest-bearing Financial Liabilities. The aggregate notional amount of our consolidated outstanding long-term principal only-currency swap contracts and long-term foreign currency options were US$397 million and US$224 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Consequently, the unhedged portion of our consolidated debt amounts was approximately 10% (or 6%, net of our consolidated U.S. Dollar cash balances allocated for debt) and 13% (or 5%, net of our consolidated U.S. Dollar cash balances allocated for debt) as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

Approximately 17% and 14% of our consolidated revenues were denominated in U.S. Dollars and/or were linked to U.S. Dollars for three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Approximately 16% and 11% of our consolidated expenses were denominated in U.S. Dollars and/or linked to the U.S. Dollar for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. In this respect, the higher weighted average exchange rate of the Philippine Peso against the U.S. Dollar increased our revenues and expenses, and consequently, affects our cash flow from operations in Philippine Peso terms. In view of the anticipated continued decline in dollar-denominated/dollar-linked revenues, which provide a natural hedge against our foreign currency exposure, we are progressively refinancing our dollar-denominated debts in Philippine Pesos.

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The Philippine Peso depreciated by 1.08% against the U.S. Dollar to Php48.54 to US$1.00 as at March 31, 2021from Php48.02 to US$1.00 as at December 31, 2020. As a result of our consolidated foreign exchange movements, as well as the amount of our consolidated outstanding net foreign currency financial assets and liabilities, we recognized net consolidated foreign exchange losses of Php623million and Php24million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, respectively.

Management conducted a survey among our banks to determine the outlook of the Philippine Peso-U.S. Dollar exchange rate until June 30, 2020. Our outlook is that the Philippine Peso-U.S. Dollar exchange rate may weaken/strengthen by 0.73% as compared to the exchange rate of Php48.54 to US$1.00 as at March 31, 2021. If the Philippine Peso-U.S. Dollar exchange rate had weakened/strengthened by 0.73% as at March 31, 2021, with all other variables held constant, consolidated profit after tax for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and stockholders' equity as at March 31, 2021 would have been approximately Php470 million and Php456 million, respectively, lower/higher, mainly as a result of consolidated foreign exchange gains and losses on conversion of U.S. Dollar-denominated net assets/liabilities and mark-to-market valuation of derivative financial instruments.

Interest Rate Risk

Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates.

Our exposure to the risk of changes in market interest rates relates primarily to our long-term debt obligations with floating interest rates.

Our policy is to manage interest cost through a mix of fixed and variable rate debts. We evaluate the fixed to floating ratio of our loans in line with movements of relevant interest rates in the financial markets. Based on our assessment, new financing will be priced either on a fixed or floating rate basis. We enter into interest rate swap agreements in order to manage our exposure to interest rate fluctuations. Further details of the risk management strategy are recognized in our hedge designation documentation. We make use of hedging instruments and structures solely for reducing or managing financial risk associated with our debt obligations and not for trading purposes.

The impact of the hedging instruments on our consolidated statements of financial position as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:

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The impact of the hedged items on our consolidated statements of financial position as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:

The effect of the cash flow hedge on our consolidated income statements and statements of other comprehensive income as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:

The following tables set out the carrying amounts, by maturity, of our financial instruments that are expected to have exposure on interest rate risk as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. Financial instruments that are not subject to interest rate risk were not included in the table.

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As at March 31, 2021 (Unaudited)

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As at December 31, 2020 (Audited)

Fixed rate financial instruments are subject to fair value interest rate risk while floating rate financial instruments are subject to cash flow interest rate risk.

Repricing of floating rate financial instruments is mostly done on intervals of three months or six months. Interest on fixed rate financial instruments is fixed until maturity of the particular instrument.

Approximately 18% and 15% of our consolidated debts were variable rate debts as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Our consolidated variable rate debt increased to Php39,494 million as at March 31, 2021 from Php33,077 million as at December 31, 2020. Considering the aggregate notional amount of our consolidated outstanding long-term interest rate swap contracts of US$29 million and US$40 million as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, approximately 83% and 86% of our consolidated debts were fixed as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

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Management conducted a survey among our banks to determine the outlook of the U.S. Dollar and Philippine Peso interest rates until June 30, 2021. Our outlook is that the U.S. Dollar and Philippine Peso interest rates may move 10 basis points, or bps, and 20 bps higher/lower, respectively, as compared to levels as at March 31, 2021. If the U.S. Dollar interest rates had been 10bps higher/lower as compared to market levels as at March 31, 2021, with all other variables held constant, consolidated profit after tax for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and stockholders' equity as at March 31, 2021 would have been approximately Php2 million and Php13 million, respectively, lower/higher, mainly as a result of higher/lower interest expense on floating rate borrowings and loss/gain on derivative transactions. If the Philippine Peso interest rates had been 20 bps higher/lower as compared to market levels as at March 31, 2021, with all other variables held constant, consolidated profit after tax for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and stockholders' equity as at March 31, 2021 would have been approximately Php786thousand and Php23million, respectively,lower/higher, mainly as a result of higher/lower interest expense on floating rate borrowings and loss/gain on derivative transactions.

Credit Risk

Credit risk is the risk that we will incur a loss arising from our customers, clients or counterparties that fail to discharge their contracted obligations. We manage and control credit risk by setting limits on the amount of risk we are willing to accept for individual counterparties and by monitoring exposures in relation to such limits.

We trade only with recognized and creditworthy third parties. It is our policy that all customers who wish to trade on credit terms are subject to credit verification procedures. In addition, receivable balances are monitored on an on-going basis to reduce our exposure to bad debts.

We established a credit quality review process to provide regular identification of changes in the creditworthiness of counterparties. Counterparty limits are established and reviewed periodically based on latest available financial data on our counterparties' credit ratings, capitalization, asset quality and liquidity. Our credit quality review process allows us to assess the potential loss as a result of the risks to which we are exposed and allow us to take corrective actions.

Maximum exposure to credit risk of financial assets not subject to impairment

The gross carrying amount of financial assets not subject to impairment also represents our maximum exposure to credit risk as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:

Maximum exposure to credit risk of financial assets subject to impairment

The table below shows the maximum exposure to credit risk for the components of our consolidated statements of financial position, including derivative financial instruments as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. The maximum exposure is shown gross before both the effect of mitigation through use of master netting and collateral arrangements. The extent to which collateral and other credit enhancements mitigate the maximum exposure to credit risk is described in the footnotes to the table.

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For financial assets recognized on our consolidated statements of financial position as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the gross exposure to credit risk equal their carrying amount.

For financial guarantees granted, the maximum exposure to credit risk is the maximum amount that we would have to pay if the guarantees are called upon. For loan commitments and other credit related commitments that are irrevocable over the life of the respective facilities, the maximum exposure to credit risk is the full amount of the committed facilities.

Maximum exposure to credit risk after collateral held or other credit enhancements

Collateral held as security for financial assets depends on the nature of the instrument. Debt investment securities are generally unsecured. Estimates of fair value are based on the value of collateral assessed at the time of borrowing and are regularly updated according to internal lending policies and regulatory guidelines. Generally, collateral is not held over loans and advances to us except for reverse repurchase agreements. Collateral usually is not held against investment securities, and no such collateral was held as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

Our policies regarding obtaining collateral have not significantly changed during the reporting period and there has been no significant change in the overall quality of the collateral held by us during the year.

We have not identified significant risk concentrations arising from the nature, type or location of collateral and other credit enhancements held against our credit exposures.

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An analysis of the maximum exposure to credit risk for the components of our consolidated statements of financial position, including derivative financial instruments as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

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The table below provides information regarding the credit quality by class of our financial assets according to our credit ratings of counterparties as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

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The aging analysis of past due but not impaired class of financial assets as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:

Capital Management Risk

We aim to achieve an optimal capital structure in pursuit of our business objectives which include maintaining healthy capital ratios and strong credit ratings, and maximizing shareholder value.

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Our approach to capital management focuses on balancing the allocation of cash and the incurrence of debt as we seek new investment opportunities for new businesses and growth areas. On August 5, 2014, the PLDT Board of Directors approved an amendment to our dividend policy, increasing the dividend payout rate to 75% from 70% of our core EPS as regular dividends. However, in view of our elevated capital expenditures to build-out a robust, superior network to support the continued growth of data traffic, plans to invest in new adjacent businesses that will complement the current business and provide future sources of profits and dividends, and management of our cash and gearing levels, the PLDT Board of Directors approved on August 2, 2016, the amendment of our dividend policy, reducing the regular dividend payout to 60% of core EPS. In declaring dividends, we take into consideration the interest of our shareholders, as well as our working capital, capital expenditures and debt servicing requirements. The retention of earnings may be necessary to meet the funding requirements of our business expansion and development programs.

As part of the dividend policy, in the event no investment opportunities arise, we may consider the option of returning additional cash to our shareholders in the form of special dividends or share buybacks. Philippine corporate regulations prescribe, however, that we can only pay out dividends or make capital distribution up to the amount of our unrestricted retained earnings.

Some of our debt instruments contain covenants that impose maximum leverage ratios. In addition, our credit ratings from the international credit ratings agencies are based on our ability to remain within certain leverage ratios.

No changes were made in our objectives, policies or processes for managing capital during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.

The following table shows the changes in liabilities arising from financing activities as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

Others include the effect of accretion of long-term borrowings, effect of recognition and accretion of lease liabilities, effect of accrued but not yet paid interest on interest-bearing loans and borrowings and accrual of dividends that were not yet paid at the end of the period.

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Non-cash Investing Activities

The following table shows our significant non-cash investing activities and corresponding transaction amounts as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

Non-cash Financing Activities

The following table shows our significant non-cash financing activities and corresponding transaction amounts as at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

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