Smithsonian and Partners Pioneer Method To Boost Endangered Coral Populations Separated by Vast Distances

Scientists from the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (SCBI) and partners have become the first to use cryopreserved (frozen) coral sperm to support gene migration of Caribbean coral populations that would otherwise remain geographically and genetically isolated. Published today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, research shows genetic tools prove the parents of these crosses were truly from regions hundreds of miles apart. Because live corals are difficult to move safely between locations for breeding, the technique provides an effective way for conservationists to mix coral genes from different populations with the aim of making offspring more resistant to bleaching and disease.

'We have combined the best of coral cryopreservation science with the best of coral reproductive science, coral rearing and husbandry to create one of the largest living wildlife populations ever created from cryopreserved material,' said Mary Hagedorn, SCBI research scientist and co-lead author. 'This process-which involved the engagement, time and goodwill of scores of people, agencies, volunteers and divers-holds tremendous possibility for coral conservation and restoration.'

The researchers used more than 150,000 live eggs collected from endangered elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata) in Curaçao and fertilized them with frozen elkhorn coral sperm collected from three places in the Caribbean-Florida, Puerto Rico and Curaçao. The frozen sperm from each of the three populations successfully fertilized the live eggs, and the team transported 20,000 larvae to the Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium in Florida and the Florida Aquarium Center for Conservation for settlement and rearing. Researchers from Pennsylvania State Univerisity used cutting-edge genomics to identify and localize the sires to Florida and Puerto Rico, with the dams originating in Curaçao. Today, the two-year old coral are thriving under human care in Florida.

'Being able to cryopreserve coral sperm allows us to grow corals the same way humans have been growing crops for centuries-by saving genetic diversity in seed banks and breeding the strongest individuals from local populations to help the species do better overal,' said Kristen Marhaver, associate scientist at CARMABI Research Station in Curaçao and co-lead author. 'It's extra special that we made this breakthrough in elkhorn corals, because they're so important for building coral reefs and protecting shorelines all around the Caribbean. We've always assumed they were a single species, but until now we didn't know for sure whether the eastern and western populations could interbreed.'

SCBI's award-winning short film, Spawning Hope, follows Hagedorn, Marhaver and colleagues from the field into the lab during the exciting first attempt at assisted gene migration in coral. Spawning Hope won 'Best Short' at the International Wildlife Film Festival and was an official selection at the Environmental Film Festival in the Nation's Capital, Wild and Scenic Film Festival and the American Conservation Film Festival. The film was made possible by the Volgenau-Fitzgerald Family Foundation.

The movement of genes between populations to speed up adaptation, called assisted gene flow, is an emerging tool in conservation. Assisted gene flow is already used in agriculture: crops from different regions of the world are mixed to find new drought-resistant, disease-resistant and pest-resistant varieties.

Scientists have been looking for ways to similarly speed up the natural mixing of genes from different coral populations, because coral reefs are disappearing rapidly. This loss is due, in part, to greenhouse gases that are warming and acidifying oceans, making corals more susceptible to stress, bleaching and disease. The species used in this study, elkhorn coral, is highly susceptible to temperature-induced bleaching and suffers from a range of incurable coral diseases. But this coral only produces bundles of eggs and sperm on a handful of days each year, and the sperm and eggs are only viable for a few hours, leaving no time to move them to another region. It is also risky to move adult corals from one region to another, because this may transfer disease or invasive species. Moving frozen coral sperm is considered safer and more practical.

This first experiment was a proof-of-concept, answering the question whether cryopreserved sperm could produce offspring from genetically isolated populations. It also opens up a wide range of options for future studies and conservation initiatives using frozen coral sperm. Next, the research team plans to screen the juvenile corals to see if they grow faster or are more resistant to coral bleaching and disease. The scientists are also considering repeating the study with sperm from coral populations that are more heat tolerant and breeding them with coral populations that are less tolerant.

In 2008, SCBI and partners established the first frozen coral sperm repositories in the United States and then in 2011 in Australia. These banks now contain material from more than 30 coral species worldwide. Because the banked cells are alive, researchers can thaw the frozen material one, 50 or, in theory, even 1,000 years from now to help restore a species or diversify a population.

'Cryopreservation has helped to prevent the extinction of the black-footed ferret, cheetah and giant panda,' Hagedorn said. 'As global warming, acidification and disease threaten a healthy future for the world's coral reefs, cryopreservation research will continue to be essential to coral conservation and restoration.'

Coral reefs are living, dynamic ecosystems that provide invaluable services. They nurture more than a quarter of all marine life, provide storm barriers for coastlines and maintain livelihoods by adding more than $300 billion annually to the global economy.

This project is a collaboration between SCBI, the CARMABI Research Station in Curaçao, the Florida Aquarium Center for Conservation, Mote Marine Laboratory and Pennsylvania State University. The paper's additional authors are Claire Lager and Nikolas Zuchowicz, SCBI; Christopher A. Page, the Mote Marine Laboratory; Keri O'Neil, the Florida Aquarium Center for Conservation; Trinity Conn and Iliana Baums, Pennsylvania State University; Kathryn Lohr, University of Florida; Harvey Blackburn, USDA National Animal Germplasm Program; Tali Vardi, Jennifer Moore and Tom Moore, NOAA Fisheries Southeast Regional Office; Valérie F. Chamberland, SECORE International; and Daisy Flores, Lucas Tichy, Mark J. A. Vermeij and Kristen L. Marhaver, CARMABI Research Station.

The project was funded by Paul G. Allen Philanthropies with permissions from the government of Curaçao.

The Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute plays a leading role in the Smithsonian's global efforts to save wildlife species from extinction and train future generations of conservationists. SCBI spearheads research programs at its headquarters in Front Royal, Virginia, the Smithsonian's National Zoo in Washington, D.C., and at field research stations and training sites worldwide. SCBI scientists tackle some of today's most complex conservation challenges by applying and sharing what they learn about animal behavior and reproduction, ecology, genetics, migration and conservation sustainability.

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