influenced by the factors affecting the housing market and the assets underlying such securities. As a result, during periods of declining asset value, difficult or frozen credit markets, swings in interest rates, or deteriorating economic conditions, mortgage-related and asset-backed securities may decline in value, face valuation difficulties, become more volatile and/or become illiquid. In addition, both mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities are sensitive to changes in the repayment patterns of the underlying security. If the principal payment on the underlying asset is repaid faster or slower than the holder of the asset-backed or mortgage-backed security anticipates, the price of the security may fall, particularly if the holder must reinvest the repaid principal at lower rates or must continue to hold the security when interest rates rise. This effect may cause the value of the Portfolio to decline and reduce the overall return of the Portfolio. Mortgage-backed securities are also subject to extension risk, which is the risk that when interest rates rise, certain mortgage-backed securities are paid in full by the issuer more slowly than anticipated. This can cause the market value of the security to fall because the market may view its interest rate as low for a longer-term investment.
Interest Rate Risk. Interest rate risk is the risk that prices of debt securities decline in value when interest rates rise for debt securities that pay a fixed rate of interest. Debt securities with longer durations (a measure of price sensitivity of a bond or bond fund to changes in interest rates) or maturities (i.e., the amount of time until a bond's issuer must pay its principal or face value) tend to be more sensitive to changes in interest rates than debt securities with shorter durations or maturities. Changes in general economic conditions, inflation, and monetary policies, such as certain types of interest rate changes by the Federal Reserve, could affect interest rates and the value of some securities. During periods of low interest rates or when inflation rates are high or rising, the Portfolio may be subject to a greater risk of rising interest rates.
Derivatives Risk. The use of derivatives (such as futures) involves additional risks and transaction costs which could leave the Portfolio in a worse position than if it had not used these instruments. The Portfolio utilizes futures on U.S. Treasuries in order to manage duration. The use of derivatives can lead to losses because of adverse movements in the price or value of the underlying asset, index or rate, which may be magnified by certain features of the contract. Changes in the value of the derivative may not correlate as intended with the underlying asset, rate or index, and the Portfolio could lose much more than the original amount invested. Derivatives can be highly volatile, illiquid and difficult to value. Certain derivatives may also be subject to counterparty risk, which is the risk that the other party in the transaction will not fulfill its contractual obligations due to its financial condition, market events, or other reasons.
Inflation-Linked Security Risk. Inflation-linked debt securities, such as TIPS, are subject to the effects of changes in market interest rates caused by factors other than inflation (real interest rates). In general, the price of an inflation-linked security tends to decrease when real interest rates increase and can increase when real interest rates decrease. Interest payments on inflation-linked securities are unpredictable and will fluctuate as the principal and interest are adjusted for inflation. Any increase in the principal amount of an inflation-linked debt security will be considered taxable ordinary income, even though the Portfolio will not receive the principal until maturity.
There can also be no assurance that the inflation index used will accurately measure the real rate of inflation in the prices of goods and services. The Portfolio's investments in inflation-linked
securities may lose value in the event that the actual rate of inflation is different than the rate of the inflation index. In addition, inflation-linked securities are subject to the risk that the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) or other relevant pricing index may be discontinued, fundamentally altered in a manner materially adverse to the interests of an investor in the securities, altered by legislation or Executive Order in a materially adverse manner to the interests of an investor in the securities or substituted with an alternative index.
Investment Adviser Risk. The Portfolio is actively managed and the success of its investment strategy depends significantly on the skills of the Adviser in assessing the potential of the investments in which the Portfolio invests. The assessment of potential Portfolio investments may prove incorrect, resulting in losses or poor performance, even in rising markets. There is also no guarantee that the Adviser will be able to effectively implement the Portfolio's investment objective.
Liquidity Risk. Liquidity is the ability to sell a security relatively quickly for a price that most closely reflects the actual value of the security. To the extent that dealers do not maintain inventories of bonds that keep pace with the growth of the bond markets over time, relatively low levels of dealer inventories could lead to decreased liquidity and increased volatility in the fixed income markets, particularly during periods of economic or market stress. As a result of this decreased liquidity, the Portfolio may have to accept a lower price to sell a security, sell other securities to raise cash, or give up an investment opportunity, any of which could have a negative effect on performance.
Market Risk. Over time, securities markets generally tend to move in cycles with periods when security prices rise and periods when security prices decline. The value of the Portfolio's investments may move with these cycles and, in some instances, increase or decrease more than the applicable market(s) as measured by the Portfolio's benchmark index(es). The securities markets may also decline because of factors that affect a particular industry or market sector, or due to impacts from domestic or global events, including regulatory events, economic downturn, government shutdowns, the spread of infectious illness such as the outbreak of COVID-19, public health crises, war, terrorism, social unrest, recessions, natural disasters or similar events.
Portfolio Turnover Rate Risk. The Portfolio may engage in active and frequent trading of portfolio securities in implementing its principal investment strategies. A high rate of portfolio turnover (100% or more) involves correspondingly greater expenses which are borne by the Portfolio and its shareholders and may also result in short-term capital gains taxable to shareholders.
Sovereign Debt Risk. Sovereign debt securities are issued or guaranteed by foreign governmental entities. These investments are subject to the risk that a governmental entity may delay or refuse to pay interest or repay principal on its sovereign debt, due, for example, to cash flow problems, insufficient foreign currency reserves, political considerations, the relative size of the governmental entity's debt position in relation to the economy or the failure to put in place economic reforms required by the International Monetary Fund or other multilateral agencies. If a governmental entity defaults, it may ask for more time in which to pay or for further loans. There is no legal process for collecting sovereign debts that a government does not pay nor are there bankruptcy proceedings through which all or part of the sovereign debt that a governmental entity has not repaid may be collected.