Class structure in the U.S.A.

Karl Marx and Frederich Engels started the Communist Manifesto with the profound words "the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles."

What did Marx and Engels mean by this statement and why is it important? We should start by how Marx and Engels define the term class.

What is class in the Marxist context?

Marx distinguished one class from another based on relations of production, i.e. which class owns the means of production, purchases and lives off others' labor power, and which class must sell its labor to survive. Under capitalism, capitalists own the means of production and profit from the surplus value created by workers. Workers have to sell their labor power to capitalists in order to survive under capitalism or in a mixed economy such as socialism. Current class descriptions or simple distinctions are noted below:

You are probably a capitalist if you primarily live from selling corporate stocks, harvesting stock dividends and capital gains from investments. If so, you probably file using an IRS 1099 form with your income tax, [this could be a senior living on a 401K, and removes the relationship to the means of production as the sole criteria?]

You are a worker if you primarily live from your wages or salary and report your income to the IRS using a W-2 form. [What about undocumented folks with no social security numbers?]

There are additional members of the working class including workers not directly involved in production. For example, teachers (teaching future workers), students (studying to be future workers), family home workers, retired workers, distribution workers (retail workers) and many others. White collar workers such as technical workers are also part of the working class. A worker can be called a blue collar worker, a white collar worker, union worker or non-union worker, a more permanent worker versus a contract worker, a manual (also called hourly worker) versus a mental worker (sometimes called salaried worker). It does not matter whether a worker is a blue collar, white collar or other type of collar: we are mostly workers.

You are a small capitalist (also called a petit bourgeoisie, petty bourgeoisie or small producer) if you own a small business, small farm, are self-employed, and objectively go in and out of the working class. If you are in this class, you normally file your IRS tax return using a 1099 form.

For a general Marxist overview of social classes and modes of production

Society is divided into social classes. These class classifications depend on relations of production in the basic economic structure and historical mode of production at a given stage of development. The basic historic modes of production were primitive communism, slavery, serfdom, capitalism, socialism and a future mode - communism.

Neither Karl Marx nor Frederich Engels invented the theory of classes, but they were better able to determine the fundamental role of the class struggle in the historical development of society. Marx and Engels used their exceptional philosophical understanding to demonstrate how economic development was the result of change with modification, resulting from internal class contradictions and working class struggle. In the case of how society changes, they were able to show how the class struggle resulted in something new and different. These changes with modifications were primarily due to the struggle to resolve internal contradictions between classes.

What is the capitalist class?

The term capitalist class is defined by Marxists as the class that owns means of production and profits from the surplus value created by workers. (Only labor and nature add value to production. Only labor can produce surplus value.) Capitalists live primarily from capital gains and dividends on the sale of stock (usually a partial ownership of capital assets), bonds and other capital investments (derivatives, equity, and many other forms).

While some capitalists also get a paycheck, their main income and wealth is derived from stock ownership and other forms of investment. Most wealthy Chief Executive Officers get stock options. These stock options are a way to reward CEO's (Chief Executive Officers) for helping extract profits for the capitalist class. CEO's are given the option of buying their own corporate stock at a discount and then selling the stock later at a profit. The CEO's also profit by keeping more of this money with lower margin tax rates; many paying a lower tax rate than most workers. (The capital gains tax rate is usually lower than the tax rates paid by workers.)

Many capitalists are not directly engaged in production but rather in the distribution of commodities produced by other capitalists. These capitalists live from the price difference between a commodity's purchase price and the sale price on the market. Other capitalists profit from renting real estate. All of these capitalists rely on the production process and the surplus value created by workers in order to amass personal wealth for themselves. An example would be Sam Walton of Walmart and Jeff Bezos of Amazon. Both became wealthy from exploiting workers in the retail business.

What is the working class?

Workers are those that have to sell their labor power to the capitalist class in order to live. Why do capitalists hire workers? Only workers' labor produces value. The extra value is called surplus value - the sole reason for the existence of capitalism. The entire class of workers are defined as the working-class, the vast majority of the population in the U.S. The size of the U.S. working class is ~200 million - the vast majority of the U.S. population. This number includes employed workers, family care at-home workers, unpaid caregivers, retirees, students and the young.

What is the small capitalist class (petty bourgeoisie)?

The small capitalist class includes the self-employed, small business owners, and small farmers. Many members of this small capitalist class aspire to be big capitalists but usually go in and out of the working class. Their size is approximately 33 million. Republicans and most conservatives claim that their policy positions are meant to save this small class - not true. The main drive for bourgeois politicians is to enrich the monopoly capitalist class and its smaller ruling class. They usually also enrich themselves in the process or the end of their term of office.

What is the ruling class?

The ruling class is a smaller activist section of the capitalist class that dictates political policy. This tiny group of unelected individuals privately makes all the major public policy decisions that run workers' lives. They usually act in the interest of the entire capitalist class. They are a very small group that by one estimate could fit in Yankee Stadium (less than ~44,000). Many bourgeois sociologists use a much larger number, about 1% of the population without evidence and more in line with the general Occupy Movement's number. There is no evidence that supports this larger size.

What is the composition of the petty bourgeoisie - small business owners, farmers and the self-employed?

Small business - the Small Business Administration (a U.S. government agency used to subsidize small business development) considers all businesses of less than 500 employees as small businesses. That is pure nonsense as 500 employees constitute a large business.

• There are 33 million small businesses in the U.S., yet 27 million of the 33 million (~8 out of 10) small businesses have no employees
• Of the 33 million businesses, 5 million have less than 19 employees. Only 640,000 businesses have more than 20 employees.

How are self-employed workers defined?

These workers file their returns with the IRS and classify themselves as self-employed. They usually have no employees. Some examples of these self-employed individuals include Uber drivers, individual contractors, self-employed professionals, grass cutters, small farmers and small family businesses which usually do not hire workers. Ninety percent (90%) of small farmers and small family-owned farms make less than $250,000/year. Many are barely surviving. There are approximately 2 million small farmers. Many of these "farmers" are retirees who own rural land with a single cow, qualifying for lower property tax rates. Many rural workers, small farmers and small retail businesses have abandoned their land, homes and businesses in rural areas due to:

• loss of manufacturing jobs
• loss of retail businesses to large monopoly corporations such as Walmart and Amazon
• many young people leave these rural areas because there are less opportunities for jobs, education and social opportunities. Many of these rural towns now look devastated and abandoned. Some actually look like ghost towns.

Additional information on petty bourgeois small business/farmers

50% of small businesses fail in 5 years, 75% in 10 years. Why?

• Lack of market demand (cannot complete with large monopolistic businesses such as Walmart and Amazon)
• They run out of capital because they have less access to bank credit than large corporations

The vast majority of most small proprietors do not hire or exploit anyone, other than themselves and their families. They

• tend to go in and out of the working class
• are also victims of capitalist tendencies to monopoly and therefore have the potential to join the working class in the struggle against capitalist class rule

Why must there be a discussion about small proprietors (many are wannabe capitalists)?

This class can tip the balance from one sector of the ruling class to another sector during elections and other struggles. This class normally exercises significant influence in turning the ruling class towards the right, with fascism as its extreme form. Within the working class, these elements try to provide conservative leadership.

What is the difference between the capitalist class and the ruling class?

The ruling class is a smaller part of the of the capitalist class

The ruling class takes an active part in deciding the political and economic agenda of society. They create and use the state (the state has a monopoly on the use of violence) including the judiciary, executive, legislative branches and the corporate owned press to manipulate workers and exercise power.

How do they get organized?

• Organizations like the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). The CFR has significant influence in making imperialist foreign policy for the U.S. Administration and State Department.
• Council of the Americas (U.S. corporate policy making in Latin America and the Caribbean.) This organization was originally founded by David Rockefeller, at President John F. Kenedy's request, as an anti-communist organization for Latin America. It still has huge power over Latin American politics and helps enforce neoliberal capitalist policy in these countries. For instance, before Enrigue Peña Nieto was elected President of Mexico, he was vetted by this U.S. organization. Its corporate membership includes large U.S. based corporations such as Apple, AT&T, Bank of America, General Motors, Fitch Group (one of the big three credit rating companies) and many others.
• The American Legislative Exchange Council (corporate political organization created to exert a right wing influence in the writing of state laws), legal and exclusive political parties such as the Republican and Democratic party, think tanks like the Heritage Foundation, Hoover Institution, Brookings institution, major universities, and many others.

Most individual capitalists in the ruling class continuously fight to maintain their economic interests and privileges. The entire class works to conserve the self-serving status quo and are therefore called conservatives.

While the ruling class sector of the capitalist class uses government as a committee to protect their interests, business groups (Business Roundtable, U.S. Chambers of Commerce, Council on Foreign Relations, Council of the Americas, trade organizations, lobby groups and other pressure groups), think tanks, university trustees and presidents use their positions to increase surplus value for some. Campaign donations (a legal form of political corruption) and their manipulating corporate-owned press are the main control vehicles to keep the small capitalist class and its ruling class in power.

Why do we sometimes use the term working people instead of working class? Who are the working people?

The term working people includes those that work without jobs! Marxists usually call this class the petit bourgeoisie:

• Self-employed small farmers (<2 millions) and their families working their own small farms, trying to complete against publicly subsidized big corporate agri-businesses
• Self-employed workers (27 millions), many temporarily or permanently unemployed, Uber drivers and others classified by corporations as contractors to deny them labor protections
• Small family-owned retail businesses (5 millions) barely holding on trying to complete against a few large corporations like Walmart, Amazon

Does it matter if the working class makes common cause with other working people? Can workers make common cause with the petit bourgeois? Yes, absolutely!

The ruling class claims an interest in promoting small farms, rural people and the middle class.

The ruling class exploits all, ruining working people and the petit bourgeoisie alike.

Ruling class lies must be exposed and common platforms identified for all working people.

The petit bourgeoisie often goes in and out of the working class and has a big influence on elections.

What is the real truth about the ruin of working people?

Capitalist exploitation of workers keeps wealth in a small number of hands (economic inequality).

• Wages are not keeping up with inflation
• Small businesses are ruined by large monopoly corporations such as Walmart, Amazon, and other such discount retailers
• Unemployment/partial employment sends working people into the ranks of Uber, eBay, Amazon, and vulnerable small businesses
• Rural communities were devastated when large corporations moved their manufacturing (also called offshoring) to other countries in pursuit of lower wages and higher profits
• The central banker (U.S. Federal Reserve System) ruins a lot of small businesses by raising interest rates when inflation threatens corporate profits

Are all working people equally aware of how their class is being ruined by capitalism?

Many failing small business owners, small-farmers, the self-employed and professionals turn their fury at the working class instead of the capitalist class. Why?

• Many had illusions of becoming big capitalists and tend to be ideologically attuned with capitalist values
• Some have thrown their lot with the rich capitalists class because they hold conservative values - conservatives want to keep things as they are, resisting change
• Many have succumbed to the big lies of capitalism:
  • The reason small businesses fail is "because of large generous social program for the undeserving"
  • Taxes and regulations are "too high on small businesses due to generous social programs." One of their common complaints is "that liberals, progressives, socialists and communists" want to protect the "undeserving." Remember Mitt Romney's "makers versus takers?"
  • The latest hate message is that unauthorized immigrants are "invading" the country and using up limited economic resources. They are blamed for crime, drug trafficking and other false claims. They are sometimes wrongfully accused of voting - not even immigrants with permanent residency can vote. Only citizens can vote or use limited social services.

The capitalist political order is ruining rural America while gas-lighting rural people with the fake notion that progressive and liberals are ruining rural "good American values."

Other than elections, what other methods are used by the ruling class to rule and make more money?

The primary method used by the U.S. ruling class for super profits is racism, male supremacy, and internationally - U.S. imperialism.

Racism is a social construct expressed in laws and social practice, made up to justify the super exploitation of people of color. Gender oppression is also used for super exploitation. People of color and women suffer from lower wages and other forms of oppression (in addition to wage exploitation) in this capitalist system. While laws have been won against racism and gender discrimination, the burden of proof is placed on the victim, while the corporations hire large law firms to protect them.

U.S. imperialism is the global rule by U.S. monopoly financial banks and global corporations, used to extract additional profits internationally for the U.S. ruling class.

What are some of the distinctions and methods used by U.S. imperialism:

• Global corporate monopolies or what are called oligopolies (concentrated corporations)
• Global financial controls through a combination of international institutions like the world bank, state institutions such as the U.S. Federal Reserve System (U.S. central bank - a quasi-public bank system), and private financial banks., Some examples of these major international banks include J.P. Morgan Chase, private equity corporations such as Blackstone Inc (other major PE firms include Apollo, KKR, The Carlyle Group and Bain Capital), bond holders such as BlackRock (others include Vanguard Group, Fidelity Investments and Goldman Sachs), debt traps in developing countries, imposition of neoliberal policies by U.S. corporate and credit rating groups, international rules-making, other financial means and regime change wars.
• Global rule-making that includes the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, the Organization of American States and many others. Three of these global rule-making institutions are based in Washington DC.
• Arms trade, NATO, the buildup and use of military forces from the U.S. and its allies "regime change", sanctions and other coercive means.
• The U.S. and its allies made the U.S. dollars the reserve currency of the world - most global payments between countries are paid in U.S. dollars through the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications (SWIFT). SWIFT is a global payment system controlled by the U.S. and its allies. The U.S. digitally creates U.S. dollars. As you can imagine, this unlimited currency power is self-serving and helps make U.S. imperialism a dominant power in the world.

What is the role of imperialism in capitalism?

The rich in the U.S. become much richer by:

• Exploiting additional workers around the world, paying them less than in the U.S. This action by U.S. corporations is called offshoring.
• Exporting capital versus products. As the internal market for products is diminishing, as production corporations concentrate into oligopolies, and as finance capital (large banks) dominate, production is exported to other countries with lower wages and in pursuit of a large market share.
• Lending at ruinous interest rates to less developed countries causing huge debts. A quote attributed to former U.S. President John Adams said, "There are two ways to conquer and enslave a country. One is by the sword. The other is by debt."
• Forcing self-serving terms in trade agreements.
• U.S. imperialism established the U.S. currency, the U.S. dollar, as the reserve currency of the world, thus giving itself the ability to create dollars, initially backed by gold and later without any backing, just using keystrokes of the computers of the U.S. Federal Reserve System (often just called the Federal Reserve or the Fed).
• U.S. imperialism also established global rules favorable to U.S. corporations.
• These actions helped the U.S. become the largest global economy and the largest military power. After World War II and after the dissolution of the former Soviet Union, U.S. imperialism became the sole imperialist power in the world.
• U.S. imperialism uses its military and violence to try militarily to defeat developing countries, foment internal coups, soft coups and velvet revolutions against developing countries that choose the socialist road or independence from U.S. imperialism. U.S. imperialism also starts wars and military alliances, like the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the more recent Australia/United Kingdom/US Agreement (AUKUS) to help U.S. arms corporations sell weapons. Examples include Ukraine, the Middle East and the decision to base nuclear powered submarines in Australia. U.S. imperialism also uses proxies, like Israel, to militarily control an entire region such as the Middle East.
• U.S. imperialism has weaponized its economic hegemony power to embargo and sanction countries around the world.
• For the reasons cited above, U.S. imperialism is called a world hegemon.

U.S. imperialism is declining due to its systemic contradictions

Below are some examples of these contradictions, including some identified by the Tri-Continental Institute:

• The contradiction between moribund imperialism and an emerging successful socialism led by China
• The contradiction between the ruling classes of the narrow band of G7 countries and the political and economic elite of capitalist developing countries, led by U.S. imperialism
• The contradiction between the broad urban and rural working class and sections of the lower petty bourgeoisie (collectively known as the popular classes) of developing countries versus U.S. imperialism
• The contradiction between advanced rent-seeking finance capital versus the needs of the popular classes, and even some sections of capital in non-socialist countries, regarding the organization of societies' requirements for investment in industry, environmentally sustainable agriculture, employment, and development
• The contradiction between the popular classes of developing countries and their domestic capitalist ruling classes
• The contradiction between U.S. imperialism versus nations strongly defending national sovereignty
• The contradiction between the developed capitalist countries' millions of workers, including in the unemployed or underemployed poor workers versus the bourgeoisie who dominate these countries
• The contradiction between the developed capitalist countries versus the planet and human life

Some general conclusions

While U.S. imperialism continues to threaten the economic wellbeing of U.S. workers, peace, justice and equality, a broad all-people's front is developing against U.S. imperialism. Here are some of the convergent factors mentioned by the Tri-Continental Institute:

• Popular sentiment that this violent system is the enemy of the peoples of the world
• Popular desires for a more just, peaceful, and egalitarian world
• The struggle of socialist or independent developing countries and political forces for their sovereignty
• The desire of developing countries to reduce their dependence on this system

Some manifestations of this global all-people's front include

• The working people of the developing world
• The People's Republic of China, working together with the Russian Federation and acting as a counterbalance to U.S. imperialism
• Many developing countries are getting together and joining BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) and have created the BRIC+. Many of these developing countries and many others have also joined China's Belts and Road Initiative in order to build infrastructure projects which can pull these developing countries out of poverty and debt.
• The developing countries seek a multilateral world where they have a seat at the decision making table, grow out of poverty and create a new world order with common prosperity.

Which class rules in the U.S.? How does the ruling class lord over the U.S. working class?

Marx stated, "the class which has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the same time over the means of mental production." This is another expression of the golden rule, "whoever has the gold, makes the rules!"

The ruling class uses money in politics to undermine democracy. Corruption and manipulation of information by U.S. corporate owned media are the main tools used to control working people in this country.

This tiny ruling class substitutes itself for democratic rule. Democracy comes from the two Greek words "Demos" - meaning people and "Kratos" meaning people. The word democracy means power to the people. The ruling class will not give up power to the people without a struggle.

The ruling class manufactures consent through media manipulation. This includes fake news, no information in many cases, incomplete information or failure to provide a news context. A good criteria for the truth is what is required in court proceedings: "Tell the Truth, the Whole Truth and Nothing but the Truth."

The ruling class also manufactures consent through indoctrination in our schools, trade associations, foundations, hired think tanks, and many other means.

As the Communist Manifesto states, the main task of the working class is to gain political supremacy - to wrest, by degree, all capital from the bourgeoisie, to centralize all instruments of production in the hands of the state, i.e., of the proletariat.

While the working class is the largest class in the U.S., the much smaller ruling class lords and governs over all of us

The ruling class owns the largest factories and other corporate workplaces, banks, major retailers, stock, bonds, private equity, derivatives, and much more.

The ruling class controls the government (the state) using money in politics and corruption of public officials (lobbying by former regulators and legislators, taking job offers with large salaries to continue to lobby their former legislature or government regulators, taking highly paid jobs in private corporations for services rendered to the ruling class). All of these forms of corruption have been made legal by these ruling class servants. There is also a rotating door policy where former government officials are posted in ruling class think tanks to continue to manipulate voters (many act as "experts" and are used by the corporate-owned media to manipulate in the interest of the ruling class) and the general public. Once the ruling class sector wins office again, these former government officials are brought back into government service. This scheme is called the rotating door policy.

The ruling class mainly molds majority thinking using the school system, ownership of mass media, ownership and control of think tanks, military indoctrination, and other methods. Many of the sales practices of consumerism from capitalism are used to manipulate working people.

The ruling class controls state legislations through their political parties and employer associations such as the American Legislative Exchange Council, American Petroleum Institute, and other trade organizations and many other methods.

The ruling class dictates foreign policy through the Council on Foreign Relations, Americas Council, the Atlantic Council, and many other organizations promoting the "Washington Consensus."

The ruling class exports capital and extracts surplus value from developing countries through international banks like J.P. Morgan/Chase, Bank of America, HSBC, Citigroup, Blackrock, and Vanguard.

Do the people in the U.S. decide on policy issues? Absolutely not!

The U.S. two-party system is just another simulation of democracy. It is a winner-take-all system by two capitalist parties with huge limitations.

Working people need democratic reforms such as the end of the role of money in politics or, as someone once said, "to separate economic power from political power." Current public policy is made using the golden rule: "those that have the gold, make the rules."

In the U.S. the two legal parties represent different sectors of the ruling class with slightly different social agendas.

Who governs? Who really rules?

A scholarly paper written by Princeton University Professor Gilens and Northwestern University Professor Page, Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups and Average Citizens, helps to answer this main question. One observation:

"economic elites and organized groups representing business interests have substantial independent impacts on U.S. government policy, while average citizens and mass-based interest groups have little or no independent influence."

Their conclusion (written in typical academic language):

"We believe that if policymaking is dominated by powerful business organizations and a small number of affluent Americans, then America's claims to being a democratic society are seriously threatened."

In the 1939 movie by Frank Capra, Mr. Smith goes to Washington, Jeff Smith exposes the corruption in government. Jeff Smith realizes that real power rests elsewhere other than congress.

Bruce Berlin, in a contribution to the HuffPost titled America's Political System Thrives On Corruption, shows how decisions are made in government. Bruce cites the example of a congressional representative who created a prescription drug benefit aligned to the interests of big pharma. This congressman received contributions from drug companies and then helped pass legislation that forbade the government from negotiating with drug manufacturers, ensuring high medical drug prices. Payday came when this congressman left Congress and later was hired at a salary of $2 million per year.

Does that mean that working people should be indifferent to which party wins? We cannot afford to be indifferent!

A serious political party of working people will look at every opportunity:

• To improve the working conditions of working people,
• To expand democracy in the long-term interests of working people,
• To prepare working people to struggle in unity in our own class interest

Is the ruling class of one mind?

The ruling class is divided, mainly between those who think short term vs long-term profits.

Short term ruling class members will place immediate wealth accumulation ahead of their long-term interests, i.e., they are willing to intensify the class struggle in the interest of short-term profits, putting their capitalist system at risk.

Long term ruling class members have differences on social norms and are trying to look after the long-term interests of the ruling class. They propagate ideas such as "inclusive prosperity" to keep the pitchforks at bay. They prefer the "boil the frog slowly" strategy rather than create the conditions for a potential uprising. They are more willing to compromise with the working class because it is in the long-term interest of capitalism.

Keys to working class success: unity + class + socialist consciousnessn

From the smallest of class struggles to the largest, unity in action within the working class is key to victory. The experience of working people in their workplaces and neighborhoods demonstrates that only by joining together in a united struggle for working class interests and demands can they win. This is the guiding principle of all unions and people's organizations. In united struggle there is strength!

As united as the working class itself needs to be, it cannot be the sole force in these struggles, because its opponents, at each stage, are powerful, with great resources at their command. Many of the key needs of working people cannot be won by the trade union movement or the working class alone. There are other major social forces whose interests substantially parallel those of the working class. Unions are engaged in coalitions with communities of color, immigrant rights advocates, women, students, seniors/retirees, the LGBTQ community, and other organizations to increase their combined ability to win against a powerful enemy. From strike struggles to legislative initiatives to the fight for the White House, workers must build unity with these coalitions to achieve progress. Building unity requires relationships of equality, trust, mutual respect, understanding and shared common interests.. There is a constant need to reinforce and defend this unity. In addition, international working class solidarity is needed in this interconnected global economic system.

Working class internationalism - unity with workers around the world!

An All People's Popular Front is key to winning the struggle against racism, gender inequality and for working class political power, for socialism.

Images: Workers at Amazon & everywhere have a right to safety and a union! by Joe Piette (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 Deed); Steel plant reheater by Jonathan Haeber (CC BY-NC 2.0 Deed); United Farmworkers 3 mile march for #immigration reform in #Salinas by Steve Rhodes (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Deed); Fighting for rights in the gig economy by Davide Alberani (CC BY-SA 2.0 Deed); African Americans who maintained railroad locomotive engines had to sue the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen all the way to the Supreme Court to gain admission to the union in 1944. Members involved with the lawsuit pose with A. Philip Randolph (1889-1979), President of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, and prominent civil rights leader, circa 1940-1944. AFL-CIO Still Images, Photographic Prints Collection; Farm workers harvesting cauliflower in California's Salinas Valley by PAC55 (CC BY-SA 4.0 Deed); Skilled women workers helped build SS George Washington Carver by E.F. Joseph (NY Public Library); Treaties with Indigenous Peoples in Focus on International Day by UN Photo/Rick Bajornas (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Deed); Members of the International Monetary and Financial Committee by IMFC (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Deed); Principles for a just recovery by Victor Barro (Creative Commons 4.0); Boeing Machinists rallied in 2013 against the phase-out of their defined-benefit pensions by Jim Levitt (LaborNotes).

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