Cincinnati Financial Corporation
07/28/2021 | Press release | Distributed by Public on 07/28/2021 14:51
Quarterly Report (SEC Filing - 10-Q)
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark one)
☑QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2021.
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.
For the transition period from _____________________ to _____________________.
Commission file number 0-4604
CINCINNATI FINANCIAL CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
| Ohio | 31-0746871 | |||
|
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | |||
| 6200 S. Gilmore Road, | Fairfield, | Ohio | 45014-5141 | |
| (Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip code) |
Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (513) 870-2000
N/A
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered |
| Common stock | CINF | Nasdaq Global Select Market |
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
☑Yes☐No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
☑Yes☐No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a nonaccelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definition of 'large accelerated filer,' 'accelerated filer,' 'smaller reporting company' and 'emerging growth company' in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
☑ Large accelerated filer☐Accelerated filer ☐Nonaccelerated filer ☐Smaller reporting company
☐ Emerging growth company
☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act):
☐Yes ☑No
As of July 23, 2021, there were 161,182,879 shares of common stock outstanding.
CINCINNATI FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTER ENDED June 30, 2021
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Part I - Financial Information
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3
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Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)
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3
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|
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
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3
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|
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income
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4
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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
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5
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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity
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6
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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
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7
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
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8
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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
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27
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Safe Harbor Statement
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27
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Corporate Financial Highlights
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30
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Financial Results
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40
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
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57
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Other Matters
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61
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
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61
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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
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67
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Part II - Other Information
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69
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Item 1. Legal Proceedings
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69
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Item 1A. Risk Factors
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69
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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
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70
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Item 6. Exhibits
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71
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Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2021 10-Q
Page 2
Part I - Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)
Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
| (Dollars in millions, except per share data) | June 30, | December 31, | ||
| 2021 | 2020 | |||
| Assets | ||||
| Investments | ||||
|
Fixed maturities, at fair value (amortized cost: 2021-$11,827; 2020-$11,312)
|
$ | 12,789 | $ | 12,338 |
|
Equity securities, at fair value (cost: 2021-$4,000; 2020-$3,927)
|
9,897 | 8,856 | ||
| Other invested assets | 375 | 348 | ||
| Total investments | 23,061 | 21,542 | ||
| Cash and cash equivalents | 1,003 | 900 | ||
| Investment income receivable | 138 | 136 | ||
| Finance receivable | 100 | 95 | ||
| Premiums receivable | 2,217 | 1,879 | ||
| Reinsurance recoverable | 504 | 517 | ||
| Prepaid reinsurance premiums | 105 | 65 | ||
| Deferred policy acquisition costs | 924 | 805 | ||
|
Land, building and equipment, net, for company use (accumulated depreciation:
2021-$293; 2020-$285)
|
213 | 213 | ||
| Other assets | 460 | 438 | ||
| Separate accounts | 952 | 952 | ||
| Total assets | $ | 29,677 | $ | 27,542 |
| Liabilities | ||||
| Insurance reserves | ||||
| Loss and loss expense reserves | $ | 7,019 | $ | 6,746 |
| Life policy and investment contract reserves | 2,980 | 2,915 | ||
| Unearned premiums | 3,417 | 2,960 | ||
| Other liabilities | 1,049 | 982 | ||
| Deferred income tax | 1,495 | 1,299 | ||
| Note payable | 59 | 54 | ||
| Long-term debt and lease obligations | 848 | 845 | ||
| Separate accounts | 952 | 952 | ||
| Total liabilities | 17,819 | 16,753 | ||
| Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 12) | ||||
| Shareholders' Equity | ||||
|
Common stock, par value-$2 per share; (authorized: 2021 and 2020-500 million
shares; issued: 2021 and 2020-198.3 million shares)
|
397 | 397 | ||
| Paid-in capital | 1,334 | 1,328 | ||
| Retained earnings | 11,205 | 10,085 | ||
| Accumulated other comprehensive income | 731 | 769 | ||
|
Treasury stock at cost (2021-37.2 million shares and 2020-37.4 million shares)
|
(1,809) | (1,790) | ||
| Total shareholders' equity | 11,858 | 10,789 | ||
| Total liabilities and shareholders' equity | $ | 29,677 | $ | 27,542 |
Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2021 10-Q
Page 3
Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income
| (Dollars in millions, except per share data) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||
| Revenues | ||||||||
| Earned premiums | $ | 1,593 | $ | 1,482 | $ | 3,137 | $ | 2,938 |
| Investment income, net of expenses | 175 | 166 | 349 | 331 | ||||
| Investment gains and losses, net | 520 | 1,060 | 1,024 | (665) | ||||
| Fee revenues | 4 | 3 | 7 | 6 | ||||
| Other revenues | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | ||||
| Total revenues | 2,295 | 2,714 | 4,522 | 2,615 | ||||
| Benefits and Expenses | ||||||||
| Insurance losses and contract holders' benefits | 915 | 1,086 | 1,918 | 2,089 | ||||
| Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses | 490 | 464 | 929 | 920 | ||||
| Interest expense | 13 | 14 | 26 | 27 | ||||
| Other operating expenses | 5 | 5 | 9 | 10 | ||||
| Total benefits and expenses | 1,423 | 1,569 | 2,882 | 3,046 | ||||
| Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes | 872 | 1,145 | 1,640 | (431) | ||||
| Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes | ||||||||
| Current | 75 | 23 | 111 | 26 | ||||
| Deferred | 94 | 213 | 206 | (140) | ||||
| Total provision (benefit) for income taxes | 169 | 236 | 317 | (114) | ||||
| Net Income (Loss) | $ | 703 | $ | 909 | $ | 1,323 | $ | (317) |
| Per Common Share | ||||||||
| Net income (loss)-basic | $ | 4.36 | $ | 5.65 | $ | 8.21 | $ | (1.96) |
| Net income (loss)-diluted | 4.31 | 5.63 | 8.13 | (1.96) | ||||
Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2021 10-Q
Page 4
Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||
| Net Income (Loss) | $ | 703 | $ | 909 | $ | 1,323 | $ | (317) |
| Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | ||||||||
|
Change in unrealized gains on investments, net of tax (benefit) of $27, $107, $(14) and $39, respectively
|
105 | 399 | (50) | 143 | ||||
|
Amortization of pension actuarial loss and prior service cost, net of tax of $0, $0, $1 and $0, respectively
|
1 | 1 | 4 | 2 | ||||
|
Change in life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other, net of tax (benefit) of $0, $(2), $2 and $1, respectively
|
- | (7) | 8 | 4 | ||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | 106 | 393 | (38) | 149 | ||||
| Comprehensive Income (Loss) | $ | 809 | $ | 1,302 | $ | 1,285 | $ | (168) |
Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2021 10-Q
Page 5
Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||
| Common Stock | ||||||||
| Beginning of period | $ | 397 | $ | 397 | $ | 397 | $ | 397 |
| Share-based awards | - | - | - | - | ||||
| End of period | 397 | 397 | 397 | 397 | ||||
| Paid-In Capital | ||||||||
| Beginning of period | 1,322 | 1,300 | 1,328 | 1,306 | ||||
| Share-based awards | 2 | - | (14) | (16) | ||||
| Share-based compensation | 8 | 7 | 17 | 16 | ||||
| Other | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | ||||
| End of period | 1,334 | 1,309 | 1,334 | 1,309 | ||||
| Retained Earnings | ||||||||
| Beginning of period | 10,603 | 7,932 | 10,085 | 9,257 | ||||
| Cumulative effect of change in accounting for credit losses as of January 1, 2020 | - | - | - | (2) | ||||
| Adjusted beginning of year | 10,603 | 7,932 | 10,085 | 9,255 | ||||
| Net income (loss) | 703 | 909 | 1,323 | (317) | ||||
| Dividends declared | (101) | (96) | (203) | (193) | ||||
| End of period | 11,205 | 8,745 | 11,205 | 8,745 | ||||
| Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | ||||||||
| Beginning of period | 625 | 204 | 769 | 448 | ||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | 106 | 393 | (38) | 149 | ||||
| End of period | 731 | 597 | 731 | 597 | ||||
| Treasury Stock | ||||||||
| Beginning of period | (1,809) | (1,791) | (1,790) | (1,544) | ||||
| Share-based awards | 3 | 1 | 15 | 12 | ||||
| Shares acquired - share repurchase authorization | - | - | (28) | (256) | ||||
| Shares acquired - share-based compensation plans | (4) | - | (7) | (3) | ||||
| Other | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | ||||
| End of period | (1,809) | (1,790) | (1,809) | (1,790) | ||||
| Total Shareholders' Equity | $ | 11,858 | $ | 9,258 | $ | 11,858 | $ | 9,258 |
| (In millions, except per common share) | ||||||||
| Common Stock - Shares Outstanding | ||||||||
| Beginning of period | 161.0 | 160.8 | 160.9 | 162.9 | ||||
| Share-based awards | 0.1 | - | 0.5 | 0.4 | ||||
| Shares acquired - share repurchase authorization | - | - | (0.3) | (2.5) | ||||
| End of period | 161.1 | 160.8 | 161.1 | 160.8 | ||||
| Dividends declared per common share | $ | 0.63 | $ | 0.60 | $ | 1.26 | $ | 1.20 |
Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2021 10-Q
Page 6
Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
| (Dollars in millions) | Six months ended June 30, | |||
| 2021 | 2020 | |||
| Cash Flows From Operating Activities | ||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | 1,323 | $ | (317) |
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | ||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 46 | 42 | ||
| Investment gains and losses, net | (1,011) | 669 | ||
| Share-based compensation | 17 | 16 | ||
| Interest credited to contract holders | 23 | 23 | ||
| Deferred income tax expense | 206 | (140) | ||
| Changes in: | ||||
| Investment income receivable | (2) | 2 | ||
| Premiums and reinsurance receivable | (365) | (232) | ||
| Deferred policy acquisition costs | (94) | (59) | ||
| Other assets | (23) | (25) | ||
| Loss and loss expense reserves | 273 | 316 | ||
| Life policy and investment contract reserves | 55 | 65 | ||
| Unearned premiums | 457 | 319 | ||
| Other liabilities | 23 | (51) | ||
| Current income tax receivable/payable | (11) | (14) | ||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | 917 | 614 | ||
| Cash Flows From Investing Activities | ||||
| Sale of fixed maturities | 73 | 87 | ||
| Call or maturity of fixed maturities | 690 | 563 | ||
| Sale of equity securities | 110 | 222 | ||
| Purchase of fixed maturities | (1,228) | (757) | ||
| Purchase of equity securities | (152) | (371) | ||
| Investment in finance receivables | (22) | (23) | ||
| Collection of finance receivables | 18 | 15 | ||
| Investment in building and equipment | (9) | (10) | ||
| Change in other invested assets, net | (6) | 32 | ||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (526) | (242) | ||
| Cash Flows From Financing Activities | ||||
| Payment of cash dividends to shareholders | (195) | (185) | ||
| Shares acquired - share repurchase authorization | (28) | (256) | ||
|
Changes in note payable
|
5 | 83 | ||
| Proceeds from stock options exercised | 8 | 4 | ||
| Contract holders' funds deposited | 47 | 44 | ||
| Contract holders' funds withdrawn | (75) | (83) | ||
| Other | (50) | (40) | ||
| Net cash used in financing activities | (288) | (433) | ||
| Net change in cash and cash equivalents | 103 | (61) | ||
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | 900 | 767 | ||
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 1,003 | $ | 706 |
| Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information: | ||||
| Interest paid | $ | 26 | $ | 27 |
| Income taxes paid | 113 | 31 | ||
| Noncash Activities | ||||
| Equipment acquired under finance lease obligations | $ | 8 | $ | 9 |
| Share-based compensation | 21 | 3 | ||
| Other assets and other liabilities | 83 | 48 | ||
Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2021 10-Q
Page 7
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
NOTE 1 - Accounting Policies
The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Cincinnati Financial Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries, each of which is wholly owned. These statements are presented in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Our actual results could differ from those estimates. Certain financial information that is normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP, but that is not required for interim reporting purposes, has been condensed or omitted.
Our June 30, 2021, condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited. We believe that we have made all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring accruals, that are necessary for fair presentation. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements included in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The results of operations for interim periods do not necessarily indicate results to be expected for the full year.
Beginning in mid-March 2020, the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19) pandemic outbreak, and unprecedented actions taken to contain the virus, caused an economic downturn on a global scale as well as market disruption and volatility. The company continues to monitor the impact of the pandemic as it unfolds. The company cannot predict the impact the pandemic will have on its future consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows, however the impact could be material.
Pending Accounting Updates
ASU 2018-12, Financial Services - Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts
In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2018-12,Financial Services - Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts. ASU 2018-12 is intended to improve the timeliness of recognizing changes in the liability for future policy benefits and modify the rate used to discount future cash flows. The ASU will simplify and improve the accounting for certain market-based options or guarantees associated with deposit or account balance contracts and simplify amortization of deferred acquisition costs while improving and expanding required disclosures. In November 2020, the FASB issued an ASU that delayed the effective date of ASU 2018-12 to interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022. These ASU's have not yet been adopted. Management is currently evaluating the impact on our company's consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2021 10-Q
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NOTE 2 - Investments
The following table provides amortized cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses and fair value for our fixed-maturity securities:
| (Dollars in millions) |
Amortized cost |
Gross unrealized | Fair value | |||||
| At June 30, 2021 | gains | losses | ||||||
| Fixed maturity securities: | ||||||||
| Corporate | $ | 6,775 | $ | 581 | $ | 2 | $ | 7,354 |
| States, municipalities and political subdivisions | 4,632 | 367 | 2 | 4,997 | ||||
| Commercial mortgage-backed | 268 | 14 | - | 282 | ||||
| United States government | 122 | 4 | - | 126 | ||||
| Foreign government | 23 | - | - | 23 | ||||
| Government-sponsored enterprises | 7 | - | - | 7 | ||||
| Total | $ | 11,827 | $ | 966 | $ | 4 | $ | 12,789 |
| At December 31, 2020 | ||||||||
| Fixed maturity securities: | ||||||||
| Corporate | $ | 6,281 | $ | 621 | $ | 7 | $ | 6,895 |
| States, municipalities and political subdivisions | 4,604 | 395 | 2 | 4,997 | ||||
| Commercial mortgage-backed | 271 | 15 | 1 | 285 | ||||
| United States government | 115 | 5 | - | 120 | ||||
| Foreign government | 29 | - | - | 29 | ||||
| Government-sponsored enterprises | 12 | - | - | 12 | ||||
| Total | $ | 11,312 | $ | 1,036 | $ | 10 | $ | 12,338 |
The net unrealized investment gains in our fixed-maturity portfolio at June 30, 2021, are primarily the result of the continued low interest rate environment that increased the fair value of our fixed-maturity portfolio. Our commercial mortgage-backed securities had an average rating of Aa1/AA at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2021 10-Q
Page 9
The table below provides fair values and gross unrealized losses by investment category and by the duration of the securities' continuous unrealized loss positions:
| (Dollars in millions) | Less than 12 months | 12 months or more | Total | |||||||||
| At June 30, 2021 |
Fair value |
Unrealized losses |
Fair value |
Unrealized losses |
Fair value |
Unrealized losses |
||||||
| Fixed maturity securities: | ||||||||||||
| Corporate | $ | 207 | $ | 1 | $ | 27 | $ | 1 | $ | 234 | $ | 2 |
| States, municipalities and political subdivisions | 46 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 53 | 2 | ||||||
| Commercial mortgage-backed | 4 | - | 9 | - | 13 | - | ||||||
| United States government | 9 | - | - | - | 9 | - | ||||||
| Foreign government | 5 | - | - | - | 5 | - | ||||||
| Government-sponsored enterprises | 5 | - | - | - | 5 | - | ||||||
| Total | $ | 276 | $ | 2 | $ | 43 | $ | 2 | $ | 319 | $ | 4 |
| At December 31, 2020 | ||||||||||||
| Fixed maturity securities: | ||||||||||||
| Corporate | $ | 330 | $ | 5 | $ | 46 | $ | 2 | $ | 376 | $ | 7 |
| States, municipalities and political subdivisions | 31 | 2 | 2 | - | 33 | 2 | ||||||
| Commercial mortgage-backed | 23 | 1 | 6 | - | 29 | 1 | ||||||
| United States government | 12 | - | - | - | 12 | - | ||||||
| Foreign government | 10 | - | - | - | 10 | - | ||||||
| Total | $ | 406 | $ | 8 | $ | 54 | $ | 2 | $ | 460 | $ | 10 |
Contractual maturity dates for fixed-maturities securities were:
| (Dollars in millions) |
Amortized cost |
Fair value |
% of fair value |
|||
| At June 30, 2021 | ||||||
| Maturity dates: | ||||||
| Due in one year or less | $ | 516 | $ | 524 | 4.1 | % |
| Due after one year through five years | 3,669 | 3,924 | 30.7 | |||
| Due after five years through ten years | 3,574 | 3,904 | 30.5 | |||
| Due after ten years | 4,068 | 4,437 | 34.7 | |||
| Total | $ | 11,827 | $ | 12,789 | 100.0 | % |
Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities when there is a right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2021 10-Q
Page 10
The following table provides investment income and investment gains and losses, net:
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||
| Investment income: | ||||||||
| Interest | $ | 117 | $ | 114 | $ | 235 | $ | 226 |
| Dividends | 60 | 53 | 118 | 106 | ||||
| Other | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | ||||
| Total | 178 | 169 | 356 | 337 | ||||
| Less investment expenses | 3 | 3 | 7 | 6 | ||||
| Total | $ | 175 | $ | 166 | $ | 349 | $ | 331 |
| Investment gains and losses, net: | ||||||||
| Equity securities: | ||||||||
| Investment gains and losses on securities sold, net | $ | - | $ | 24 | $ | 6 | $ | 17 |
| Unrealized gains and losses on securities still held, net | 489 | 1,044 | 974 | (602) | ||||
| Subtotal | 489 | 1,068 | 980 | (585) | ||||
| Fixed maturities: | ||||||||
| Gross realized gains | 11 | 3 | 14 | 5 | ||||
| Gross realized losses | (2) | (3) | (2) | (3) | ||||
| Write-down of impaired securities | - | - | - | (77) | ||||
| Subtotal | 9 | - | 12 | (75) | ||||
| Other | 22 | (8) | 32 | (5) | ||||
| Total | $ | 520 | $ | 1,060 | $ | 1,024 | $ | (665) |
The fair value of our equity portfolio was $9.897 billion and $8.856 billion at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, Apple Inc. (Nasdaq:AAPL), an equity holding, was our largest single investment holding with a fair value of $665 million and $644 million, which was 7.0% and 7.5% of our publicly traded common equities portfolio and 2.9% and 3.0% of the total investment portfolio, respectively.
At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, there were no fixed-maturity securities with an allowance for credit losses. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, there were no fixed-maturity securities that were written down to fair value due to an intention to be sold. During the three months ended June 30, 2020, there were no fixed-maturity securities that were written down to fair value due to an intention to be sold and during the six months ended June 30, 2020, there were 12 fixed-maturity securities from the energy, real estate, consumer goods and technology & electronics sectors that were written down to fair value due to an intention to be sold.
At June 30, 2021, 108 fixed-maturity securities with a total unrealized loss of $4 million were in an unrealized loss position. Of that total, two fixed-maturity securities had fair values below 70% of amortized cost. At December 31, 2020, 128 fixed-maturity securities with a total unrealized loss of $10 million were in an unrealized loss position. Of that total, no fixed-maturity securities had fair values below 70% of amortized cost.
Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2021 10-Q
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NOTE 3 - Fair Value Measurements
In accordance with accounting guidance for fair value measurements and disclosures, we categorized our financial instruments, based on the priority of the observable and market-based data for the valuation technique used, into a three-level fair value hierarchy. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices with readily available independent data in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable market inputs (Level 3). When various inputs for measurement fall within different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the lowest observable input that has a significant impact on fair value measurement is used. Our valuation techniques have not changed from those used at December 31, 2020, and ultimately management determines fair value. See our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 3, Fair Value Measurements, Page 143, for information on characteristics and valuation techniques used in determining fair value.
Fair Value Disclosures for Assets
The following tables illustrate the fair value hierarchy for those assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020. We do not have any liabilities carried at fair value.
| (Dollars in millions) |
Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) |
Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) |
Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) |
Total | ||||
| At June 30, 2021 | ||||||||
| Fixed maturities, available for sale: | ||||||||
| Corporate | $ | - | $ | 7,354 | $ | - | $ | 7,354 |
| States, municipalities and political subdivisions | - | 4,997 | - | 4,997 | ||||
| Commercial mortgage-backed | - | 282 | - | 282 | ||||
| United States government | 126 | - | - | 126 | ||||
| Foreign government | - | 23 | - | 23 | ||||
| Government-sponsored enterprises | - | 7 | - | 7 | ||||
| Subtotal | 126 | 12,663 | - | 12,789 | ||||
| Common equities | 9,522 | - | - | 9,522 | ||||
| Nonredeemable preferred equities | - | 375 | - | 375 | ||||
| Separate accounts taxable fixed maturities | - | 912 | - | 912 | ||||
|
Top Hat savings plan mutual funds and common equity (included in Other assets) |
63 | - | - | 63 | ||||
| Total | $ | 9,711 | $ | 13,950 | $ | - | $ | 23,661 |
| At December 31, 2020 | ||||||||
| Fixed maturities, available for sale: | ||||||||
| Corporate | $ | - | $ | 6,895 | $ | - | $ | 6,895 |
| States, municipalities and political subdivisions | - | 4,997 | - | 4,997 | ||||
| Commercial mortgage-backed | - | 285 | - | 285 | ||||
| United States government | 120 | - | - | 120 | ||||
| Foreign government | - | 29 | - | 29 | ||||
| Government-sponsored enterprises | - | 12 | - | 12 | ||||
| Subtotal | 120 | 12,218 | - | 12,338 | ||||
| Common equities | 8,541 | - | - | 8,541 | ||||
| Nonredeemable preferred equities | - | 315 | - | 315 | ||||
| Separate accounts taxable fixed maturities | - | 903 | - | 903 | ||||
|
Top Hat savings plan mutual funds and common equity (included in Other assets) |
51 | - | - | 51 | ||||
| Total | $ | 8,712 | $ | 13,436 | $ | - | $ | 22,148 |
Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2021 10-Q
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We also held Level 1 cash and cash equivalents of $1.003 billion and $900 million at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
Fair Value Disclosures for Assets and Liabilities Not Carried at Fair Value
The disclosures below are presented to provide information about the effects of current market conditions on financial instruments that are not reported at fair value in our condensed consolidated financial statements.
This table summarizes the book value and principal amounts of our long-term debt:
| (Dollars in millions) | Book value | Principal amount | |||||||||
|
Interest rate |
Year of issue |
June 30, | December 31, | June 30, | December 31, | ||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||
| 6.900 | % | 1998 | Senior debentures, due 2028 | $ | 27 | $ | 27 | $ | 28 | $ | 28 |
| 6.920 | % | 2005 | Senior debentures, due 2028 | 391 | 391 | 391 | 391 | ||||
| 6.125 | % | 2004 | Senior notes, due 2034 | 371 | 370 | 374 | 374 | ||||
| Total | $ | 789 | $ | 788 | $ | 793 | $ | 793 | |||
The following table shows fair values of our note payable and long-term debt:
| (Dollars in millions) |
Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) |
Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) |
Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) |
Total | ||||
| At June 30, 2021 | ||||||||
| Note payable | $ | - | $ | 59 | $ | - | $ | 59 |
|
6.900% senior debentures, due 2028
|
- | 35 | - | 35 | ||||
|
6.920% senior debentures, due 2028
|
- | 512 | - | 512 | ||||
|
6.125% senior notes, due 2034
|
- | 511 | - | 511 | ||||
| Total | $ | - | $ | 1,117 | $ | - | $ | 1,117 |
| At December 31, 2020 | ||||||||
| Note payable | $ | - | $ | 54 | $ | - | $ | 54 |
|
6.900% senior debentures, due 2028
|
- | 35 | - | 35 | ||||
|
6.920% senior debentures, due 2028
|
- | 515 | - | 515 | ||||
|
6.125% senior notes, due 2034
|
- | 522 | - | 522 | ||||
| Total | $ | - | $ | 1,126 | $ | - | $ | 1,126 |
Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2021 10-Q
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The following table shows the fair value of our life policy loans included in other invested assets and the fair values of our deferred annuities and structured settlements included in life policy and investment contract reserves:
| (Dollars in millions) |
Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) |
Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) |
Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) |
Total | ||||
| At June 30, 2021 | ||||||||
| Life policy loans | $ | - | $ | - | $ | 44 | $ | 44 |
| Deferred annuities | - | - | 811 | 811 | ||||
| Structured settlements | - | 212 | - | 212 | ||||
| Total | $ | - | $ | 212 | $ | 811 | $ | 1,023 |
| At December 31, 2020 | ||||||||
| Life policy loans | $ | - | $ | - | $ | 49 | $ | 49 |
| Deferred annuities | - | - | 836 | 836 | ||||
| Structured settlements | - | 227 | - | 227 | ||||
| Total | $ | - | $ | 227 | $ | 836 | $ | 1,063 |
Outstanding principal and interest for these life policy loans totaled $31 million and $33 million at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
Recorded reserves for the deferred annuities were $769 million and $761 million at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Recorded reserves for the structured settlements were $141 million and $145 million at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
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NOTE 4 - Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expenses
This table summarizes activity for our consolidated property casualty loss and loss expense reserves:
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||
| Gross loss and loss expense reserves, beginning of period | $ | 6,880 | $ | 6,153 | $ | 6,677 | $ | 6,088 |
| Less reinsurance recoverable | 262 | 294 | 277 | 342 | ||||
| Net loss and loss expense reserves, beginning of period | 6,618 | 5,859 | 6,400 | 5,746 | ||||
| Net incurred loss and loss expenses related to: | ||||||||
| Current accident year | 949 | 1,054 | 1,982 | 2,017 | ||||
| Prior accident years | (119) | (47) | (229) | (80) | ||||
| Total incurred | 830 | 1,007 | 1,753 | 1,937 | ||||
| Net paid loss and loss expenses related to: | ||||||||
| Current accident year | 334 | 369 | 477 | 555 | ||||
| Prior accident years | 433 | 382 | 995 | 1,013 | ||||
| Total paid | 767 | 751 | 1,472 | 1,568 | ||||
| Net loss and loss expense reserves, end of period | 6,681 | 6,115 | 6,681 | 6,115 | ||||
| Plus reinsurance recoverable | 274 | 294 | 274 | 294 | ||||
| Gross loss and loss expense reserves, end of period | $ | 6,955 | $ | 6,409 | $ | 6,955 | $ | 6,409 |
We use actuarial methods, models and judgment to estimate, as of a financial statement date, the property casualty loss and loss expense reserves required to pay for and settle all outstanding insured claims, including incurred but not reported (IBNR) claims, as of that date. The actuarial estimate is subject to review and adjustment by an inter-departmental committee that includes actuarial, claims, underwriting, loss prevention and accounting management. This committee is familiar with relevant company and industry business, claims and underwriting trends, as well as general economic and legal trends that could affect future loss and loss expense payments. The amount we will actually have to pay for claims can be highly uncertain. This uncertainty, together with the size of our reserves, makes the loss and loss expense reserves our most significant estimate. The reserve for loss and loss expenses in the condensed consolidated balance sheets also included $64 million at June 30, 2021 and
$54 million at June 30, 2020, for certain life and health loss and loss expense reserves.
$54 million at June 30, 2020, for certain life and health loss and loss expense reserves.
For the three months ended June 30, 2021, we experienced $119 million of favorable development on prior accident years, including $86 million of favorable development in commercial lines, $12 million of favorable development in personal lines and $1 million of favorable development in excess and surplus lines. Within commercial lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $27 million for the workers' compensation line and $26 million for the commercial casualty line due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expense for these lines. Within personal lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $9 million in personal auto.
For the six months ended June 30, 2021, we experienced $229 million of favorable development on prior accident years, including $169 million of favorable development in commercial lines, $32 million of favorable development in personal lines and $3 million of unfavorable development in excess and surplus lines. Within commercial lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $52 million for the workers' compensation line, $37 million for the commercial auto line, $34 million for the commercial property line and $32 million for the commercial casualty line due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expense for these lines. Within personal lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $24 million in personal auto.
Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2021 10-Q
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For the three months ended June 30, 2020, we experienced $47 million of favorable development on prior accident years, including $45 million of favorable development in commercial lines and $8 million of unfavorable development in excess and surplus lines. We had no net development in personal lines for the three months ended June 30, 2020. Within commercial lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $21 million for the commercial casualty line and $19 million for the workers' compensation line due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expense for these lines. Within personal lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $7 million in personal auto and unfavorable reserve development of $7 million for the homeowner line of business.
For the six months ended June 30, 2020, we experienced $80 million of favorable development on prior accident years, including $51 million of favorable development in commercial lines, $28 million of favorable development in personal lines and $9 million of unfavorable development in excess and surplus lines. Within commercial lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $26 million for both the workers' compensation line and the commercial casualty line due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expense for these lines. This was partially offset by unfavorable reserve development of $3 million for the commercial auto line. Within personal lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $20 million in personal auto and $11 million for the homeowner line of business.
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NOTE 5 - Life Policy and Investment Contract Reserves
We establish the reserves for traditional life insurance policies based on expected expenses, mortality, morbidity, withdrawal rates, timing of claim presentation and investment yields, including a provision for uncertainty. Once these assumptions are established, they generally are maintained throughout the lives of the contracts. We use both our own experience and industry experience, adjusted for historical trends, in arriving at our assumptions for expected mortality, morbidity and withdrawal rates as well as for expected expenses. We base our assumptions for expected investment income on our own experience adjusted for current and future economic conditions.
We establish reserves for the company's deferred annuity, universal life and structured settlement policies equal to the cumulative account balances, which include premium deposits plus credited interest less charges and withdrawals. Some of our universal life policies contain no-lapse guarantee provisions. For these policies, we establish a reserve in addition to the account balance, based on expected no-lapse guarantee benefits and expected policy assessments.
This table summarizes our life policy and investment contract reserves:
| (Dollars in millions) |
June 30, 2021 |
December 31, 2020 |
||
| Life policy reserves: | ||||
| Ordinary/traditional life | $ | 1,338 | $ | 1,301 |
| Other | 53 | 52 | ||
| Subtotal | 1,391 | 1,353 | ||
| Investment contract reserves: | ||||
| Deferred annuities | 769 | 761 | ||
| Universal life | 670 | 647 | ||
| Structured settlements | 141 | 145 | ||
| Other | 9 | 9 | ||
| Subtotal | 1,589 | 1,562 | ||
| Total life policy and investment contract reserves | $ | 2,980 | $ | 2,915 |
Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2021 10-Q
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NOTE 6 - Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs
Expenses directly related to successfully acquired insurance policies - primarily commissions, premium taxes and underwriting costs - are deferred and amortized over the terms of the policies. We update our acquisition cost assumptions periodically to reflect actual experience, and we evaluate the costs for recoverability. The table below shows the deferred policy acquisition costs and asset reconciliation.
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||
| Property casualty: | ||||||||
| Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, beginning of period | $ | 586 | $ | 536 | $ | 542 | $ | 512 |
| Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs | 325 | 292 | 637 | 572 | ||||
| Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs | (281) | (261) | (549) | (517) | ||||
| Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, end of period | $ | 630 | $ | 567 | $ | 630 | $ | 567 |
| Life: | ||||||||
| Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, beginning of period | $ | 294 | $ | 291 | $ | 263 | $ | 262 |
| Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs | 15 | 14 | 29 | 29 | ||||
| Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs | (14) | (15) | (23) | (24) | ||||
| Shadow deferred policy acquisition costs | (1) | (23) | 25 | - | ||||
| Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, end of period | $ | 294 | $ | 267 | $ | 294 | $ | 267 |
| Consolidated: | ||||||||
| Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, beginning of period | $ | 880 | $ | 827 | $ | 805 | $ | 774 |
| Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs | 340 | 306 | 666 | 601 | ||||
| Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs | (295) | (276) | (572) | (541) | ||||
| Shadow deferred policy acquisition costs | (1) | (23) | 25 | - | ||||
| Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, end of period | $ | 924 | $ | 834 | $ | 924 | $ | 834 |
No premium deficiencies were recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of income, as the sum of the anticipated loss and loss expenses, policyholder dividends and unamortized deferred acquisition expenses did not exceed the related unearned premiums and anticipated investment income.
Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2021 10-Q
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NOTE 7 - Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) includes changes in unrealized gains and losses on investments, changes in pension obligations and changes in life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other as follows:
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended June 30, | |||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||
| Before tax | Income tax | Net | Before tax | Income tax | Net | |||||||
| Investments: | ||||||||||||
| AOCI, beginning of period | $ | 830 | $ | 174 | $ | 656 | $ | 266 | $ | 55 | $ | 211 |
| OCI before investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income | 141 | 28 | 113 | 506 | 107 | 399 | ||||||
| Investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income | (9) | (1) | (8) | - | - | - | ||||||
| OCI | 132 | 27 | 105 | 506 | 107 | 399 | ||||||
| AOCI, end of period | $ | 962 | $ | 201 | $ | 761 | $ | 772 | $ | 162 | $ | 610 |
| Pension obligations: | ||||||||||||
| AOCI, beginning of period | $ | (37) | $ | (6) | $ | (31) | $ | (8) | $ | - | $ | (8) |
| OCI excluding amortization recognized in net income | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||
| Amortization recognized in net income | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | ||||||
| OCI | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | ||||||
| AOCI, end of period | $ | (36) | $ | (6) | $ | (30) | $ | (7) | $ | - | $ | (7) |
| Life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other: | ||||||||||||
| AOCI, beginning of period | $ | - | $ | - | $ | - | $ | 1 | $ | - | $ | 1 |
| OCI before investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income | - | - | - | (9) | (2) | (7) | ||||||
| Investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||
| OCI | - | - | - | (9) | (2) | (7) | ||||||
| AOCI, end of period | $ | - | $ | - | $ | - | $ | (8) | $ | (2) | $ | (6) |
| Summary of AOCI: | ||||||||||||
| AOCI, beginning of period | $ | 793 | $ | 168 | $ | 625 | $ | 259 | $ | 55 | $ | 204 |
| Investments OCI | 132 | 27 | 105 | 506 | 107 | 399 | ||||||
| Pension obligations OCI | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | ||||||
| Life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other OCI | - | - | - | (9) | (2) | (7) | ||||||
| Total OCI | 133 | 27 | 106 | 498 | 105 | 393 | ||||||
| AOCI, end of period | $ | 926 | $ | 195 | $ | 731 | $ | 757 | $ | 160 | $ | 597 |
Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2021 10-Q
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| (Dollars in millions) | Six months ended June 30, | |||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||
| Before tax | Income tax | Net | Before tax | Income tax | Net | |||||||
| Investments: | ||||||||||||
| AOCI, beginning of period | $ | 1,026 | $ | 215 | $ | 811 | $ | 590 | $ | 123 | $ | 467 |
| OCI before investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income | (52) | (11) | (41) | 107 | 23 | 84 | ||||||
| Investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income | (12) | (3) | (9) | 75 | 16 | 59 | ||||||
| OCI | (64) | (14) | (50) | 182 | 39 | 143 | ||||||
| AOCI, end of period | $ | 962 | $ | 201 | $ | 761 | $ | 772 | $ | 162 | $ | 610 |
| Pension obligations: | ||||||||||||
| AOCI, beginning of period | $ | (41) | $ | (7) | $ | (34) | $ | (9) | $ | - | $ | (9) |
| OCI excluding amortization recognized in net income | 2 | - | 2 | - | - | - | ||||||
| Amortization recognized in net income | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | ||||||
| OCI | 5 | 1 | 4 | 2 | - | 2 | ||||||
| AOCI, end of period | $ | (36) | $ | (6) | $ | (30) | $ | (7) | $ | - | $ | (7) |
| Life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other: | ||||||||||||
| AOCI, beginning of period | $ | (10) | $ | (2) | $ | (8) | $ | (13) | $ | (3) | $ | (10) |
| OCI before investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income | 10 | 2 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 4 | ||||||
| Investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||
| OCI | 10 | 2 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 4 | ||||||
| AOCI, end of period | $ | - | $ | - | $ | - | $ | (8) | $ | (2) | $ | (6) |
| Summary of AOCI: | ||||||||||||
| AOCI, beginning of period | $ | 975 | $ | 206 | $ | 769 | $ | 568 | $ | 120 | $ | 448 |
| Investments OCI | (64) | (14) | (50) | 182 | 39 | 143 | ||||||
| Pension obligations OCI | 5 | 1 | 4 | 2 | - | 2 | ||||||
| Life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other OCI | 10 | 2 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 4 | ||||||
| Total OCI | (49) | (11) | (38) | 189 | 40 | 149 | ||||||
| AOCI, end of period | $ | 926 | $ | 195 | $ | 731 | $ | 757 | $ | 160 | $ | 597 |
Investment gains and losses, net, and life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other investment gains and losses, net, are recorded in the investment gains and losses, net, line item in the condensed consolidated statements of income. Amortization on pension obligations is recorded in the insurance losses and contract holders' benefits and underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses line items in the condensed consolidated statements of income.
Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2021 10-Q
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NOTE 8 - Reinsurance
Primary components of our property casualty reinsurance assumed operations include involuntary and voluntary assumed risks as well as contracts from Cincinnati Re®, our reinsurance assumed operations. Primary components of our ceded reinsurance include a property per risk treaty, property excess treaty, casualty per occurrence treaty, casualty excess treaty, property catastrophe treaty and retrocessions on our reinsurance assumed operations. Management's decisions about the appropriate level of risk retention are affected by various factors, including changes in our underwriting practices, capacity to retain risks and reinsurance market conditions.
The table below summarizes our consolidated property casualty insurance net written premiums, earned premiums and incurred loss and loss expenses:
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||
| Direct written premiums | $ | 1,649 | $ | 1,539 | $ | 3,194 | $ | 2,997 |
| Assumed written premiums | 161 | 101 | 366 | 212 | ||||
| Ceded written premiums | (96) | (81) | (153) | (132) | ||||
| Net written premiums | $ | 1,714 | $ | 1,559 | $ | 3,407 | $ | 3,077 |
| Direct earned premiums | $ | 1,465 | $ | 1,388 | $ | 2,894 | $ | 2,759 |
| Assumed earned premiums | 109 | 63 | 210 | 129 | ||||
| Ceded earned premiums | (60) | (48) | (115) | (96) | ||||
| Earned premiums | $ | 1,514 | $ | 1,403 | $ | 2,989 | $ | 2,792 |
| Direct incurred loss and loss expenses | $ | 781 | $ | 976 | $ | 1,649 | $ | 1,876 |
| Assumed incurred loss and loss expenses | 54 | 45 | 132 | 79 | ||||
| Ceded incurred loss and loss expenses | (5) | (14) | (28) | (18) | ||||
| Incurred loss and loss expenses | $ | 830 | $ | 1,007 | $ | 1,753 | $ | 1,937 |
Our life insurance company purchases reinsurance for protection of a portion of the risks that are written. Primary components of our life reinsurance program include individual mortality coverage, aggregate catastrophe and accidental death coverage in excess of certain deductibles.
The table below summarizes our consolidated life insurance earned premiums and contract holders' benefits incurred:
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||
| Direct earned premiums | $ | 98 | $ | 98 | $ | 185 | $ | 183 |
| Ceded earned premiums | (19) | (19) | (37) | (37) | ||||
| Earned premiums | $ | 79 | $ | 79 | $ | 148 | $ | 146 |
| Direct contract holders' benefits incurred | 100 | 100 | 207 | 185 | ||||
| Ceded contract holders' benefits incurred | (15) | (21) | (42) | (33) | ||||
| Contract holders' benefits incurred | $ | 85 | $ | 79 | $ | 165 | $ | 152 |
The ceded benefits incurred can vary depending on the type of life insurance policy held and the year the policy was issued.
At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the allowance for uncollectible property casualty premiums was
$16 million and $19 million, respectively. At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the allowances for credit losses on other premiums receivable and recoverable assets were immaterial.
Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2021 10-Q
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NOTE 9 - Income Taxes
The differences between the 21% statutory federal income tax rate and our effective income tax rate were as follows:
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||
| Tax at statutory rate: | $ | 183 | 21.0 | % | $ | 240 | 21.0 | % | $ | 344 | 21.0 | % | $ | (91) | 21.0 | % |
| Increase (decrease) resulting from: | ||||||||||||||||
| Tax-exempt income from municipal bonds | (5) | (0.6) | (5) | (0.4) | (10) | (0.6) | (10) | 2.3 | ||||||||
| Dividend received exclusion | (4) | (0.5) | (4) | (0.3) | (9) | (0.5) | (8) | 1.9 | ||||||||
| Other | (5) | (0.5) | 5 | 0.3 | (8) | (0.6) | (5) | 1.3 | ||||||||
| Provision (benefit) for income taxes | $ | 169 | 19.4 | % | $ | 236 | 20.6 | % | $ | 317 | 19.3 | % | $ | (114) | 26.5 | % |
The provision for federal income taxes is based upon filing a consolidated income tax return for the company and its domestic subsidiaries.
We continue to believe that after considering all positive and negative evidence of taxable income in the carryback and carryforward periods as permitted by law, it is more likely than not that all of the deferred tax assets on our U.S. domestic operations will be realized. As a result, we have no valuation allowance for our U.S. domestic operations at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020. As more fully discussed below, we do carry a valuation allowance on the deferred tax assets related to Cincinnati Global.
Unrecognized Tax Benefits
At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we had a gross unrecognized tax benefit of $34 million. There were no changes to this amount during the first half of 2021. It is reasonably possible that within the next 12 months, our unrecognized tax benefit could change when the IRS completes its examination of the tax year ended
December 31, 2018.
Cincinnati Global
As a result of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, Cincinnati Global decreased their net deferred assets $3 million and $4 million with an offsetting decrease of $3 million and $4 million to their valuation allowance. At June 30, 2021, Cincinnati Global had a net deferred tax asset of $52 million and an offsetting valuation allowance of $52 million.
Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when management believes it is more likely than not that some, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. After considering all positive and negative evidence related to the Cincinnati Global operations, we continue to believe it is appropriate to carry a valuation allowance at June 30, 2021.
At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, Cincinnati Global had operating loss carryforwards in the United States of $26 million for both periods and in the United Kingdom of $119 million and $108 million, respectively. These Cincinnati Global losses can only be utilized within the Cincinnati Global group in both the United States and in the United Kingdom and cannot offset the income of our domestic operations in the United States.
Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2021 10-Q
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NOTE 10 - Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share
Basic earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of common and dilutive potential common shares outstanding using the treasury stock method. The table shows calculations for basic and diluted earnings per share:
| (In millions, except per share data) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||
| Numerator: | ||||||||
| Net income (loss)-basic and diluted | $ | 703 | $ | 909 | $ | 1,323 | $ | (317) |
| Denominator: | ||||||||
| Basic weighted-average common shares outstanding | 161.1 | 160.8 | 161.1 | 161.5 | ||||
| Effect of share-based awards: | ||||||||
| Stock options | 1.2 | 0.3 | 1.0 | - | ||||
| Nonvested shares | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.6 | - | ||||
| Diluted weighted-average shares | 162.9 | 161.5 | 162.7 | 161.5 | ||||
| Earnings (loss) per share: | ||||||||
| Basic | $ | 4.36 | $ | 5.65 | $ | 8.21 | $ | (1.96) |
| Diluted | $ | 4.31 | $ | 5.63 | $ | 8.13 | $ | (1.96) |
| Number of anti-dilutive share-based awards | 0.4 | 2.7 | 1.0 | 2.6 | ||||
The sources of dilution of our common shares are certain equity-based awards. See our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 17, Share-Based Associate Compensation Plans, Page 176, for information about share-based awards. The above table shows the number of anti-dilutive share-based awards for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020. These share-based awards were not included in the computation of net income per common share (diluted) because their exercise would have anti-dilutive effects. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 260, Earnings per Share, the assumed exercise of share-based awards for the six months ended June 30, 2020, were excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share.
NOTE 11 - Employee Retirement Benefits
The following summarizes the components of net periodic benefit cost for our qualified and supplemental pension plans:
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||
| Service cost | $ | 3 | $ | 3 | $ | 5 | $ | 5 |
| Non-service costs (benefit): | ||||||||
| Interest cost | 3 | 3 | 5 | 6 | ||||
| Expected return on plan assets | (6) | (6) | (11) | (11) | ||||
| Amortization of actuarial loss and prior service cost | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | ||||
| Other | - | - | 2 | - | ||||
| Total non-service benefit | (2) | (2) | (1) | (3) | ||||
| Net periodic benefit cost | $ | 1 | $ | 1 | $ | 4 | $ | 2 |
See our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 13, Employee Retirement Benefits, Page 169, for information on our retirement benefits. Service costs and non-service costs (benefit) are allocated in the same proportion primarily to the underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses line item with the remainder allocated to the insurance losses and contract holders' benefits line item on the condensed consolidated statements of income for both 2021 and 2020.
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We made matching contributions totaling $5 million and $4 million to our 401(k) and Top Hat savings plans during the second quarter of 2021 and 2020 and contributions of $11 million and $12 million for the first half of 2021 and 2020, respectively.
We made no contributions to our qualified pension plan during the first six months of 2021.
NOTE 12 - Commitments and Contingent Liabilities
In the ordinary course of conducting business, the company and its subsidiaries are named as defendants in various legal proceedings. Most of these proceedings are claims litigation involving the company's insurance subsidiaries in which the company is either defending or providing indemnity for third-party claims brought against insureds or litigating first-party coverage claims. The company accounts for such activity through the establishment of unpaid loss and loss expense reserves. We believe that the ultimate liability, if any, with respect to such ordinary-course claims litigation, after consideration of provisions made for potential losses and costs of defense, is immaterial to our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
Beginning in April 2020, like many companies in the property casualty insurance industry, the company's property casualty subsidiaries, were named as defendants in lawsuits seeking insurance coverage under commercial property insurance policies issued by the company for alleged economic losses resulting from the shutdown or suspension of their businesses due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the allegations vary, the plaintiffs generally seek a declaration of insurance coverage, damages for breach of contract in unspecified amounts for claim denials, interest and attorney fees. Some of the lawsuits also allege that the insurance claims were denied in bad faith or otherwise in violation of state laws and seek extra-contractual or punitive damages.
The company denies the allegations in these lawsuits and intends to continue to vigorously defend them. Although the policy terms vary in general, the claims at issue in these lawsuits were denied because the policyholder identified no direct physical loss or damage to property at the insured premises, and the governmental orders that led to the complete or partial shutdown of the business were not due to the existence of any direct physical loss or damage to property in the immediate vicinity of the insured premises and did not prohibit access to the insured premises, as required by the terms of the insurance policies. Depending on the individual policy, additional policy terms and conditions may also prohibit coverage, such as exclusions for pollutants, ordinance or law, loss of use, and acts or decisions. The company's standard commercial property insurance policies generally did not contain a specific virus exclusion.
In addition to the inherent difficulty in predicting litigation outcomes, the COVID-19 pandemic business income coverage lawsuits present a number of uncertainties and contingencies that are not yet known, including how many policyholders will ultimately file claims, the number of lawsuits that will be filed, the extent to which any class may be certified, and the size and scope of any such classes. The legal theories advanced by plaintiffs vary by case as do the state laws that govern policy interpretation. These lawsuits are at various stages of litigation; many complaints continue to be amended; several have been dismissed voluntarily and may be refiled; and others have been dismissed in favor of the company by trial courts. Some early decisions on motion filings have been appealed. While these appeals are at various stages of the briefing and argument process, several of the cases are now fully briefed and scheduled for oral argument. The first appellate case in the nation to consider these issues was recently decided by the Federal Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit in favor of the company.
The vast majority of cases in Ohio remain stayed pending a decision by the Ohio Supreme Court on a question certified to it by the federal district court in the Northern District of Ohio in the case of Neuro-Communication Services, Inc. v. The Cincinnati Insurance Company, et al., Case No. 4:20-cv-1275 (N.D. Ohio filed June 10, 2020). The Ohio Supreme Court has agreed to answer the following question: 'Does the general presence in the community, or on surfaces at a premises, of the novel coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2, constitute direct physical loss or damage to property; or does the presence of a person infected with COVID-19 constitute direct physical loss or damage to property at that premises?' Accordingly, little discovery has occurred on pending cases and most cases have not yet produced any substantive legal rulings. In addition, business income calculations depend upon a wide range of factors that are particular to the circumstances of each individual policyholder and, here, virtually none of the plaintiffs have submitted proofs of loss or otherwise quantified or factually supported any allegedly covered loss. Moreover, the company's experience shows that demands stated in lawsuits often bear little relation to a reasonable estimate of potential loss. Accordingly, management cannot now reasonably estimate the possible loss or range of loss, if any. Nonetheless, given the number of claims and potential claims, the indeterminate amounts sought, and the inherent unpredictability of litigation, it is possible that adverse outcomes, if any, in the aggregate could have a material adverse effect on the company's consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
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The company and its subsidiaries also are occasionally involved in other legal and regulatory proceedings, some of which assert claims for substantial amounts. These actions include, among others, putative class actions seeking certification of a national class. The company's insurance subsidiaries also are occasionally parties to individual actions in which extra-contractual damages, punitive damages or penalties are sought, such as claims alleging bad faith handling of insurance claims or writing unauthorized coverage or claims alleging discrimination by former or current associates.
On a quarterly basis, we review these outstanding matters. Under current accounting guidance, we establish accruals when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and we can reasonably estimate its potential exposure. The company accounts for such probable and estimable losses, if any, through the establishment of legal expense reserves. Based on our quarterly review, we believe that our accruals for probable and estimable losses are reasonable and that the amounts accrued do not have a material effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. However, if any one or more of these matters results in a judgment against us or settlement for an amount that is significantly greater than the amount accrued, the resulting liability could have a material effect on the company's consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Based on our most recent review, our estimate for any other matters for which the risk of loss is not probable, but more than remote, is immaterial.
NOTE 13 - Segment Information
We operate primarily in two industries, property casualty insurance and life insurance. Our chief operating decision maker regularly reviews our reporting segments to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance. Our reporting segments are:
•Commercial lines insurance
•Personal lines insurance
•Excess and surplus lines insurance
•Life insurance
•Investments
We report as Other the noninvestment operations of the parent company and its noninsurer subsidiary, CFC Investment Company. We also report as Other the underwriting results of Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global. See our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 18, Segment Information, Page 179, for a description of revenue, income or loss before income taxes and identifiable assets for each of the five segments.
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Segment information is summarized in the following table:
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||
| Revenues: | ||||||||
| Commercial lines insurance | ||||||||
| Commercial casualty | $ | 312 | $ | 289 | $ | 615 | $ | 577 |
| Commercial property | 259 | 254 | 512 | 504 | ||||
| Commercial auto | 198 | 189 | 391 | 374 | ||||
| Workers' compensation | 68 | 68 | 135 | 143 | ||||
| Other commercial | 74 | 70 | 144 | 135 | ||||
| Commercial lines insurance premiums | 911 | 870 | 1,797 | 1,733 | ||||
| Fee revenues | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | ||||
| Total commercial lines insurance | 912 | 871 | 1,799 | 1,735 | ||||
| Personal lines insurance | ||||||||
| Personal auto | 152 | 154 | 305 | 308 | ||||
| Homeowner | 178 | 163 | 352 | 322 | ||||
| Other personal | 52 | 47 | 101 | 93 | ||||
| Personal lines insurance premiums | 382 | 364 | 758 | 723 | ||||
| Fee revenues | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | ||||
| Total personal lines insurance | 383 | 365 | 760 | 725 | ||||
| Excess and surplus lines insurance | 95 | 78 | 184 | 156 | ||||
| Fee revenues | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Total excess and surplus lines insurance | 96 | 78 | 185 | 157 | ||||
| Life insurance premiums | 79 | 79 | 148 | 146 | ||||
| Fee revenues | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | ||||
| Total life insurance | 80 | 80 | 150 | 147 | ||||
| Investments | ||||||||
| Investment income, net of expenses | 175 | 166 | 349 | 331 | ||||
| Investment gains and losses, net | 520 | 1,060 | 1,024 | (665) | ||||
| Total investment revenue | 695 | 1,226 | 1,373 | (334) | ||||
| Other | ||||||||
| Premiums | 126 | 91 | 250 | 180 | ||||
| Other | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | ||||
| Total other revenues | 129 | 94 | 255 | 185 | ||||
| Total revenues | $ | 2,295 | $ | 2,714 | $ | 4,522 | $ | 2,615 |
| Income (loss) before income taxes: | ||||||||
| Insurance underwriting results | ||||||||
| Commercial lines insurance | $ | 145 | $ | 8 | $ | 275 | $ | (12) |
| Personal lines insurance | 29 | (43) | 26 | (22) | ||||
| Excess and surplus lines insurance | 10 | (1) | 18 | 8 | ||||
| Life insurance | (2) | 1 | (4) | 3 | ||||
| Investments | 668 | 1,201 | 1,320 | (385) | ||||
| Other | 22 | (21) | 5 | (23) | ||||
| Total income (loss) before income taxes | $ | 872 | $ | 1,145 | $ | 1,640 | $ | (431) |
| Identifiable assets: |
June 30, 2021 |
December 31, 2020 |
||
| Property casualty insurance | $ | 4,376 | $ | 3,838 |
| Life insurance | 1,580 | 1,661 | ||
| Investments | 22,825 | 21,332 | ||
| Other | 896 | 711 | ||
| Total | $ | 29,677 | $ | 27,542 |
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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and
Results of Operations
The following discussion highlights significant factors influencing the condensed consolidated results of operations and financial position of Cincinnati Financial Corporation. It should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Unless otherwise noted, the industry data is prepared by A.M. Best Co., a leading insurance industry statistical, analytical and financial strength rating organization. Information from A.M. Best is presented on a statutory basis for insurance company regulation in the United States of America. When we provide our results on a comparable statutory basis, we label it as such; all other company data is presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP).
We present per share data on a diluted basis unless otherwise noted, adjusting those amounts for all stock splits and dividends. Dollar amounts are rounded to millions; calculations of percent changes are based on dollar amounts rounded to the nearest million. Certain percentage changes are identified as not meaningful (nm).
SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT
This is our 'Safe Harbor' statement under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Our business is subject to certain risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those suggested by the forward-looking statements in this report. Some of those risks and uncertainties are discussed in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1A, Risk Factors, Page 34.
Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to:
•Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic that could affect results for reasons such as:
◦Securities market disruption or volatility and related effects such as decreased economic activity that affect the company's investment portfolio and book value
◦An unusually high level of claims in our insurance or reinsurance operations that increase litigation-related expenses
◦An unusually high level of insurance losses, including risk of legislation or court decisions extending business interruption insurance in commercial property coverage forms to cover claims for pure economic loss related to the COVID-19 pandemic
◦Decreased premium revenue and cash flow from disruption to our distribution channel of independent agents, consumer self-isolation, travel limitations, business restrictions and decreased economic activity
◦Inability of our workforce, agencies or vendors to perform necessary business functions
•Ongoing developments concerning business interruption insurance claims and litigation related to the COVID-19 pandemic that affect our estimates of losses and loss adjustment expenses or our ability to reasonably estimate such losses, such as:
◦The continuing duration of the pandemic and governmental actions to limit the spread of the virus that may produce additional economic losses
◦The number of policyholders that will ultimately submit claims or file lawsuits
◦The lack of submitted proofs of loss for allegedly covered claims
◦Judicial rulings in similar litigation involving other companies in the insurance industry
◦Differences in state laws and developing case law in the relatively few decisions rendered to date
◦Litigation trends, including varying legal theories advanced by policyholders
◦Whether and to what degree any class of policyholders may be certified
◦The inherent unpredictability of litigation
•Unusually high levels of catastrophe losses due to risk concentrations, changes in weather patterns, environmental events, terrorism incidents or other causes
•Increased frequency and/or severity of claims or development of claims that are unforeseen at the time of policy issuance
•Inadequate estimates, assumptions or reliance on third-party data used for critical accounting estimates
•Declines in overall stock market values negatively affecting the company's equity portfolio and book value
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•Prolonged low interest rate environment or other factors that limit the company's ability to generate growth in investment income or interest rate fluctuations that result in declining values of fixed-maturity investments, including declines in accounts in which we hold bank-owned life insurance contract assets
•Domestic and global events resulting in capital market or credit market uncertainty, followed by prolonged periods of economic instability or recession, that lead to:
◦Significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of a particular security or group of securities and impairment of the asset(s)
◦Significant decline in investment income due to reduced or eliminated dividend payouts from a particular security or group of securities
◦Significant rise in losses from surety and director and officer policies written for financial institutions or other insured entities
•Our inability to integrate Cincinnati Global and its subsidiaries into our ongoing operations, or disruptions to our ongoing operations due to such integration
•Recession or other economic conditions resulting in lower demand for insurance products or increased payment delinquencies
•Difficulties with technology or data security breaches, including cyberattacks, that could negatively affect our ability to conduct business; disrupt our relationships with agents, policyholders and others; cause reputational damage, mitigation expenses and data loss and expose us to liability under federal and state laws
•Disruption of the insurance market caused by technology innovations such as driverless cars that could decrease consumer demand for insurance products
•Delays, inadequate data developed internally or from third parties, or performance inadequacies from ongoing development and implementation of underwriting and pricing methods, including telematics and other usage-based insurance methods, or technology projects and enhancements expected to increase our pricing accuracy, underwriting profit and competitiveness
•Increased competition that could result in a significant reduction in the company's premium volume
•Changing consumer insurance-buying habits and consolidation of independent insurance agencies that could alter our competitive advantages
•Inability to obtain adequate ceded reinsurance on acceptable terms, amount of reinsurance coverage purchased, financial strength of reinsurers and the potential for nonpayment or delay in payment by reinsurers
•Inability to defer policy acquisition costs for any business segment if pricing and loss trends would lead management to conclude that segment could not achieve sustainable profitability
•Inability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends consistent with current or past levels
•Events or conditions that could weaken or harm the company's relationships with its independent agencies and hamper opportunities to add new agencies, resulting in limitations on the company's opportunities for growth, such as:
◦Downgrades of the company's financial strength ratings
◦Concerns that doing business with the company is too difficult
◦Perceptions that the company's level of service, particularly claims service, is no longer a distinguishing characteristic in the marketplace
◦Inability or unwillingness to nimbly develop and introduce coverage product updates and innovations that our competitors offer and consumers expect to find in the marketplace
•Actions of insurance departments, state attorneys general or other regulatory agencies, including a change to a federal system of regulation from a state-based system, that:
◦Impose new obligations on us that increase our expenses or change the assumptions underlying our critical accounting estimates
◦Place the insurance industry under greater regulatory scrutiny or result in new statutes, rules and regulations
◦Restrict our ability to exit or reduce writings of unprofitable coverages or lines of business
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◦Add assessments for guaranty funds, other insurance‑related assessments or mandatory reinsurance arrangements; or that impair our ability to recover such assessments through future surcharges or other rate changes
◦Increase our provision for federal income taxes due to changes in tax law
◦Increase our other expenses
◦Limit our ability to set fair, adequate and reasonable rates
◦Place us at a disadvantage in the marketplace
◦Restrict our ability to execute our business model, including the way we compensate agents
•Adverse outcomes from litigation or administrative proceedings
•Events or actions, including unauthorized intentional circumvention of controls, that reduce the company's future ability to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
•Unforeseen departure of certain executive officers or other key employees due to retirement, health or other causes that could interrupt progress toward important strategic goals or diminish the effectiveness of certain longstanding relationships with insurance agents and others
•Events, such as an epidemic, natural catastrophe or terrorism, that could hamper our ability to assemble our workforce at our headquarters location
Further, the company's insurance businesses are subject to the effects of changing social, global, economic and regulatory environments. Public and regulatory initiatives have included efforts to adversely influence and restrict premium rates, restrict the ability to cancel policies, impose underwriting standards and expand overall regulation. The company also is subject to public and regulatory initiatives that can affect the market value for its common stock, such as measures affecting corporate financial reporting and governance. The ultimate changes and eventual effects, if any, of these initiatives are uncertain.
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CORPORATE FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
Net Income and Comprehensive Income Data
| (Dollars in millions, except per share data) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | % Change | 2021 | 2020 | % Change | |||||
| Earned premiums | $ | 1,593 | $ | 1,482 | 7 | $ | 3,137 | $ | 2,938 | 7 |
| Investment income, net of expenses (pretax) | 175 | 166 | 5 | 349 | 331 | 5 | ||||
| Investment gains and losses, net (pretax) | 520 | 1,060 | (51) | 1,024 | (665) | nm | ||||
| Total revenues | 2,295 | 2,714 | (15) | 4,522 | 2,615 | 73 | ||||
| Net income (loss) | 703 | 909 | (23) | 1,323 | (317) | nm | ||||
| Comprehensive income (loss) | 809 | 1,302 | (38) | 1,285 | (168) | nm | ||||
| Net income (loss) per share-diluted | 4.31 | 5.63 | (23) | 8.13 | (1.96) | nm | ||||
| Cash dividends declared per share | 0.63 | 0.60 | 5 | 1.26 | 1.20 | 5 | ||||
| Diluted weighted average shares outstanding | 162.9 | 161.5 | 1 | 162.7 | 161.5 | 1 | ||||
Total revenues decreased 15% for the second quarter of 2021, compared with the second quarter of 2020, as a decrease in net investment gains offset increases in earned premiums and investment income. For the first six months of 2021, compared with the same period of 2020, total revenues increased $1.907 billion, primarily due to higher earned premiums and net investment gains in 2021 instead of net investment losses in 2020. Premium and investment revenue trends are discussed further in the respective sections of Financial Results.
Investment gains and losses are recognized on the sales of investments, on certain changes in fair values of securities even though we continue to hold the securities or as otherwise required by GAAP. We have substantial discretion in the timing of investment sales, and that timing generally is independent of the insurance underwriting process. The change in fair value of securities is also generally independent of the insurance underwriting process.
Net income for the second quarter of 2021, compared with the same quarter in 2020, decreased $206 million, including a decrease of $427 million in after-tax net investment gains that offset increases of $207 million in after-tax property casualty underwriting income and $7 million in after-tax investment income. Catastrophe losses for the second quarter of 2021, mostly weather related, were $136 million lower after taxes and favorably affected both net income and property casualty underwriting income. Life insurance segment results on a pretax basis decreased by $3 million compared with the second quarter of 2020.
For the first six months of 2021, net income increased $1.640 billion, compared with the same period of 2020,
including increases of $1.334 billion in after-tax investment gains and losses, $293 million in after-tax property casualty underwriting income and $15 million improvement in after-tax investment income. The property casualty underwriting income increase included a favorable $115 million after-tax effect from lower catastrophe losses. Life insurance segment results decreased by $7 million on a pretax basis.
During the first six months of 2021, SARS-CoV-2, also known as COVID-19 and recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization, continued to cause dampening economic effects in some areas where we operate, while many areas experienced strengthening economic effects due to increased business activity and consumer spending.
We believe the COVID-19 pandemic did not have a significant effect on our premium revenues for the second quarter of 2021, while it had a modestly slowing effect on premium growth for the first quarter of the year. Premium growth by segment is discussed below in Financial Results. For future periods, renewal premium or new business premium amounts could decline if the basis for policy premiums, such as sales and payrolls of businesses we insure, decrease as a result of the pandemic and a weakening economy. We are not able to determine premium effects for future periods.
During the first six months of 2021, there were no material changes to our estimates for incurred losses and expenses related to the pandemic. An updated estimate in the first quarter of 2021 of ultimate credit losses related to uncollectible premiums reduced underwriting expenses by approximately $2 million. For full-year 2020, pandemic-related incurred losses and expenses totaled $85 million. The total included $30 million for legal
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expenses in defense of business interruption claims, $19 million for Cincinnati Re®losses, $12 million for Cincinnati Global Underwriting Ltd.SM(Cincinnati Global) losses, $8 million for credit losses related to uncollectible premiums and $16 million for the Stay-at-Home policyholder credit for personal auto policies.
Loss experience for our insurance operations is influenced by many factors, as discussed in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves, Page 56. Because of various factors that affect exposure to certain insurance losses, such as less miles driven for vehicles or reduced sales and payrolls for businesses, there could be a reduction in future losses, and in some cases a generally corresponding reduction in premiums. Also, there could be losses or legal expenses that increase or otherwise occur independently of changes in sales or payrolls of businesses we insure, due to pandemic effects or other factors. We are not able to determine loss effects for future periods.
Performance by segment is discussed below in Financial Results. As discussed in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Factors Influencing Our Future Performance, Page 55, there are several reasons why our performance during 2021 may be below our long-term targets.
The board of directors is committed to rewarding shareholders directly through cash dividends and through share repurchase authorizations. Through 2020, the company had increased the annual cash dividend rate for 60 consecutive years, a record we believe is matched by only seven other U.S. publicly traded companies. In January 2021, the board of directors increased the regular quarterly dividend to 63 cents per share, setting the stage for our 61stconsecutive year of increasing cash dividends. During the first six months of 2021, cash dividends declared by the company increased 5% compared with the same period of 2020. Our board regularly evaluates relevant factors in decisions related to dividends and share repurchases. The 2021 dividend increase reflected our strong earnings performance and signaled management's and the board's positive outlook and confidence in our outstanding capital, liquidity and financial flexibility.
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Balance Sheet Data and Performance Measures
| (Dollars in millions, except share data) | At June 30, | At December 31, | ||
| 2021 | 2020 | |||
| Total investments | $ | 23,061 | $ | 21,542 |
| Total assets | 29,677 | 27,542 | ||
| Short-term debt | 59 | 54 | ||
| Long-term debt | 789 | 788 | ||
| Shareholders' equity | 11,858 | 10,789 | ||
| Book value per share | 73.57 | 67.04 | ||
| Debt-to-total-capital ratio | 6.7 | % | 7.2 | % |
Total assets at June 30, 2021, increased 8% compared with year-end 2020, and included a 7% increase in total investments that reflected a combination of net purchases and higher fair values for many securities in our portfolio. Shareholders' equity increased 10% and book value per share also increased 10% during the first six months of 2021. Our debt-to-total-capital ratio (capital is the sum of debt plus shareholders' equity) decreased compared with year-end 2020.
Our value creation ratio is our primary performance metric. That ratio was 11.6% for the first six months of 2021, and was significantly higher than the same period in 2020, primarily due to a higher amount of overall net gains from our investment portfolio. The $6.53 increase in book value per share during the first six months of 2021 contributed 9.7 percentage points to the value creation ratio, while dividends declared at $1.26 per share contributed 1.9 points. Value creation ratios by major components and in total, along with calculations from per-share amounts, are shown in the tables below.
| Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | |||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||
| Value creation ratio major components: | ||||||||
| Net income before investment gains | 2.6 | % | 0.9 | % | 4.8 | % | 2.1 | % |
|
Change in fixed-maturity securities, realized and unrealized gains |
1.0 | 5.0 | (0.4) | 0.8 | ||||
| Change in equity securities, investment gains | 3.5 | 10.5 | 7.2 | (4.7) | ||||
| Other | 0.2 | (0.1) | 0.0 | (1.2) | ||||
| Value creation ratio | 7.3 | % | 16.3 | % | 11.6 | % | (3.0) | % |
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| (Dollars are per share) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||
| Value creation ratio: | ||||||||
| End of period book value* | $ | 73.57 | $ | 57.56 | $ | 73.57 | $ | 57.56 |
| Less beginning of period book value | 69.16 | 50.02 | 67.04 | 60.55 | ||||
| Change in book value | 4.41 | 7.54 | 6.53 | (2.99) | ||||
| Dividend declared to shareholders | 0.63 | 0.60 | 1.26 | 1.20 | ||||
| Total value creation | $ | 5.04 | $ | 8.14 | $ | 7.79 | $ | (1.79) |
| Value creation ratio from change in book value** | 6.4 | % | 15.1 | % | 9.7 | % | (5.0) | % |
|
Value creation ratio from dividends declared to shareholders*** |
0.9 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 2.0 | ||||
| Value creation ratio | 7.3 | % | 16.3 | % | 11.6 | % | (3.0) | % |
| * Book value per share is calculated by dividing end of period total shareholders' equity by end of period shares outstanding | ||||||||
| ** Change in book value divided by the beginning of period book value | ||||||||
| *** Dividend declared to shareholders divided by beginning of period book value |
DRIVERS OF LONG-TERM VALUE CREATION
Operating through The Cincinnati Insurance Company, Cincinnati Financial Corporation is one of the 25 largest property casualty insurers in the nation, based on 2020 net written premiums for approximately 2,000 U.S. stock and mutual insurer groups. We market our insurance products through a select group of independent insurance agencies as discussed in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Our Business and Our Strategy, Page 5. At June 30, 2021, we actively marketed through agencies located in 45 states. We maintain a long-term perspective that guides us in addressing immediate challenges or opportunities while focusing on the major decisions that best position our company for success through all market cycles.
To measure our long-term progress in creating shareholder value, our value creation ratio is our primary financial performance target. As discussed in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Executive Summary, Page 50, management believes this measure is a meaningful indicator of our long-term progress in creating shareholder value and has three primary performance drivers:
•Premium growth - We believe our agency relationships and initiatives can lead to a property casualty written premium growth rate over any five-year period that exceeds the industry average. For the first six months of 2021, our consolidated property casualty net written premium year-over-year growth was 11%. As of February 2021, A.M. Best projected the industry's full-year 2021 written premium growth at approximately 5%. For the five-year period 2016 through 2020, our growth rate exceeded that of the industry. The industry's growth rate excludes its mortgage and financial guaranty lines of business.
•Combined ratio - We believe our underwriting philosophy and initiatives can generate a GAAP combined ratio over any five-year period that is consistently within the range of 95% to 100%. For the first six months of 2021, our GAAP combined ratio was 88.3%, including 9.1 percentage points of current accident year catastrophe losses partially offset by 7.7 percentage points of favorable loss reserve development on prior accident years. Our statutory combined ratio was 87.4% for the first six months of 2021. As of February 2021, A.M. Best projected the industry's full-year 2021 statutory combined ratio at approximately 100%, including approximately 6 percentage points of catastrophe losses and a favorable effect of approximately 1 percentage point of loss reserve development on prior accident years. The industry's ratio again excludes its mortgage and financial guaranty lines of business.
•Investment contribution - We believe our investment philosophy and initiatives can drive investment income growth and lead to a total return on our equity investment portfolio over a five-year period that exceeds the five-year return of the Standard & Poor's 500 Index. For the first six months of 2021, pretax investment income was $349 million, up 5% compared with the same period in 2020. We believe our investment portfolio mix provides an appropriate balance of income stability and growth with capital appreciation potential.
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Highlights of Our Strategy and Supporting Initiatives
Management has worked to identify a strategy that can lead to long-term success, with concurrence by the board of directors. Our strategy is intended to position us to compete successfully in the markets we have targeted while appropriately managing risk. Further description of our long-term, proven strategy can be found in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Our Business and Our Strategy, Page 5. We believe successful implementation of initiatives that support our strategy will help us better serve our agent customers and reduce volatility in our financial results while we also grow earnings and book value over the long term, successfully navigating challenging economic, market or industry pricing cycles.
•Manage insurance profitability - Implementation of these initiatives is intended to enhance underwriting expertise and knowledge, thereby increasing our ability to manage our business while also gaining efficiency. Better profit margins can arise from additional information and more focused action on underperforming product lines, plus pricing capabilities we are expanding through the use of technology and analytics. In addition to enhancing company efficiency, improving internal processes also supports the ability of the independent agencies that represent us to grow profitably by allowing them to serve clients faster and to more efficiently manage agency expenses.
We continue to enhance our property casualty underwriting expertise and to effectively and efficiently underwrite individual policies and process transactions. Ongoing initiatives supporting this work include expanding our pricing and segmentation capabilities through experience and use of predictive analytics and additional data. Our segmentation efforts emphasize identification and retention of insurance policies we believe have relatively stronger pricing, while seeking more aggressive renewal terms and conditions on policies we believe have relatively weaker pricing.
•Drive premium growth - Implementation of these initiatives is intended to further penetrate each market we serve through our independent agencies. Strategies aimed at specific market opportunities, along with service enhancements, can help our agents grow and increase our share of their business. Premium growth initiatives also include expansion of Cincinnati Re, our reinsurance assumed operation, and successful integration of Cincinnati Global, our London-based global specialty underwriter for Lloyd's Syndicate 318. Diversified growth also may reduce variability of losses from weather-related catastrophes.
We continue to appoint new agencies to develop additional points of distribution. During the first six months of 2021, we appointed 121 new agencies that offer most or all of our property casualty insurance products.
As of June 30, 2021, a total of 1,886 agency relationships market our property casualty insurance products from 2,663 reporting locations. The totals do not include Lloyd's brokers or coverholders that source business for Cincinnati Global.
Financial Strength
An important part of our long-term strategy is financial strength, which is described in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Our Business and Our Strategy, Financial Strength, Page 9. One aspect of our financial strength is prudent use of reinsurance ceded to help manage financial performance variability due to catastrophe loss experience. A description of how we use reinsurance ceded is included in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Liquidity and Capital Resources, 2021 Reinsurance Ceded Programs, Page 110. Another aspect of our financial strength is our investment portfolio, which remains well-diversified as discussed in this quarterly report in Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. Our strong parent-company liquidity and financial strength increase our flexibility to maintain a cash dividend through all periods and to continue to invest in and expand our insurance operations.
At June 30, 2021, we held $4.413 billion of our cash and invested assets at the parent-company level, of which $4.095 billion, or 92.8%, was invested in common stocks, and $90 million, or 2.0%, was cash or cash equivalents. Our debt-to-total-capital ratio was 6.7% at June 30, 2021. Another important indicator of financial strength is our ratio of property casualty net written premiums to statutory surplus, which was 0.9-to-1 for the 12 months ended June 30, 2021, compared with 1.0-to-1 at year-end 2020.
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Financial strength ratings assigned to us by independent rating firms also are important. In addition to rating our parent company's senior debt, four firms award insurer financial strength ratings to one or more of our insurance subsidiary companies based on their quantitative and qualitative analyses. These ratings primarily assess an insurer's ability to meet financial obligations to policyholders and do not necessarily address all of the matters that may be important to investors. Ratings are under continuous review and subject to change or withdrawal at any time by the rating agency. Each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating; please see each rating agency's website for its most recent report on our ratings.
At July 27, 2021, our insurance subsidiaries continued to be highly rated.
| Insurer Financial Strength Ratings | ||||||||||
|
Rating agency |
Standard market property casualty insurance subsidiaries |
Life insurance subsidiary |
Excess and surplus lines insurance subsidiary | Outlook | ||||||
|
Rating tier |
Rating tier |
Rating tier |
||||||||
|
A.M. Best Co.
ambest.com
|
A+ | Superior | 2 of 16 | A+ | Superior | 2 of 16 | A+ | Superior | 2 of 16 | Stable |
|
Fitch Ratings
fitchratings.com
|
A+ | Strong | 5 of 21 | A+ | Strong | 5 of 21 | - | - | - | Stable |
|
Moody's Investors Service
moodys.com
|
A1 | Good | 5 of 21 | - | - | - | - | - | - | Stable |
|
S&P Global Ratings
spratings.com
|
A+ | Strong | 5 of 21 | A+ | Strong | 5 of 21 | - | - | - | Stable |
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CONSOLIDATED PROPERTY CASUALTY INSURANCE HIGHLIGHTS
Consolidated property casualty insurance results include premiums and expenses for our standard market insurance segments (commercial lines and personal lines), our excess and surplus lines segment, Cincinnati Re and our London-based global specialty underwriter Cincinnati Global.
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | % Change | 2021 | 2020 | % Change | |||||
| Earned premiums | $ | 1,514 | $ | 1,403 | 8 | $ | 2,989 | $ | 2,792 | 7 |
| Fee revenues | 3 | 2 | 50 | 5 | 5 | 0 | ||||
| Total revenues | 1,517 | 1,405 | 8 | 2,994 | 2,797 | 7 | ||||
| Loss and loss expenses from: | ||||||||||
| Current accident year before catastrophe losses | 861 | 817 | 5 | 1,711 | 1,649 | 4 | ||||
| Current accident year catastrophe losses | 88 | 237 | (63) | 271 | 368 | (26) | ||||
| Prior accident years before catastrophe losses | (90) | (41) | (120) | (170) | (69) | (146) | ||||
| Prior accident years catastrophe losses | (29) | (6) | (383) | (59) | (11) | (436) | ||||
| Loss and loss expenses | 830 | 1,007 | (18) | 1,753 | 1,937 | (9) | ||||
| Underwriting expenses | 466 | 439 | 6 | 887 | 877 | 1 | ||||
| Underwriting profit (loss) | $ | 221 | $ | (41) | nm | $ | 354 | $ | (17) | nm |
| Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: | Pt. Change | Pt. Change | ||||||||
| Current accident year before catastrophe losses | 56.8 | % | 58.2 | % | (1.4) | 57.2 | % | 59.0 | % | (1.8) |
| Current accident year catastrophe losses | 5.8 | 16.9 | (11.1) | 9.1 | 13.2 | (4.1) | ||||
| Prior accident years before catastrophe losses | (5.9) | (2.9) | (3.0) | (5.7) | (2.4) | (3.3) | ||||
| Prior accident years catastrophe losses | (1.9) | (0.4) | (1.5) | (2.0) | (0.4) | (1.6) | ||||
| Loss and loss expenses | 54.8 | 71.8 | (17.0) | 58.6 | 69.4 | (10.8) | ||||
| Underwriting expenses | 30.7 | 31.3 | (0.6) | 29.7 | 31.4 | (1.7) | ||||
| Combined ratio | 85.5 | % | 103.1 | % | (17.6) | 88.3 | % | 100.8 | % | (12.5) |
| Combined ratio | 85.5 | % | 103.1 | % | (17.6) | 88.3 | % | 100.8 | % | (12.5) |
|
Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development |
(2.0) | 13.6 | (15.6) | 1.4 | 10.4 | (9.0) | ||||
|
Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development |
87.5 | % | 89.5 | % | (2.0) | 86.9 | % | 90.4 | % | (3.5) |
We believe the COVID-19 pandemic did not have a significant effect on our consolidated property casualty premium revenues for the second quarter of 2021, while it had a modestly slowing effect on premium growth for the first quarter of 2021. The pandemic and a weakened economy reduced premium volume during the first quarter of 2021 and the second quarter of last year. A strengthening economy in 2021 contributed to premium growth for the second quarter and first six months of 2021, compared with the same periods a year ago.
Consolidated property casualty net written premiums grew 10% for the second quarter of 2021, including a contribution of 3% from Cincinnati Re. For the first six months of 2021, compared with the first six months of 2020, consolidated property casualty net written premiums grew 11%, including a contribution of 5% from Cincinnati Re.
Consolidated property casualty new business written premiums increased 12% for the second quarter of 2021 and 7% for the first six months, compared with the same periods of 2020. For policies that renewed during the first six months of 2021, higher average pricing also contributed to premium growth. Regardless of pricing changes, new business and renewal premium amounts could decline if the exposure basis for policy premiums, such as sales and payrolls of businesses we insure, decrease as a result of a weakened economy.
Loss experience for our insurance operations is influenced by many factors as discussed in further detail in Financial Results by property casualty insurance segment. For future periods, factors that reduce exposure to certain insurance losses, such as fewer vehicular miles driven or reduced sales and payrolls for businesses, could cause a reduction in future losses that generally correspond to reduced premiums. However, there could be losses
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or legal expenses that occur independent of changes in mileage, sales or payrolls of businesses we insure, due to pandemic effects or other factors.
Our consolidated property casualty insurance operations generated an underwriting profit of $221 million for the second quarter of 2021 and $354 million for the first six months of 2021. The increases of $262 million and $371 million, respectively, compared with the same periods of 2020, included favorable decreases of $172 million and $145 million in losses from catastrophes, mostly caused by severe weather. We believe future property casualty underwriting results will continue to benefit from price increases and our ongoing initiatives to improve pricing precision and loss experience related to claims and loss control practices.
For all property casualty lines of business in aggregate, net loss and loss expense reserves at June 30, 2021, were $281 million, or 4%, higher than at year-end 2020, including an increase of $173 million for the IBNR portion.
We measure and analyze property casualty underwriting results primarily by the combined ratio and its component ratios. The GAAP-basis combined ratio is the percentage of incurred losses plus all expenses per each earned premium dollar - the lower the ratio, the better the performance. An underwriting profit results when the combined ratio is below 100%. A combined ratio above 100% indicates that an insurance company's losses and expenses exceeded premiums.
Our consolidated property casualty combined ratio for the second quarter of 2021 improved by 17.6 percentage points, compared with the same period of 2020, including a decrease of 12.6 points from lower catastrophe losses and loss expenses. For the first six months of 2021, compared with the 2020 six-month period, our combined ratio improved by 12.5 percentage points, including a decrease of 5.7 points from lower catastrophe losses and loss expenses.
The combined ratio can be affected significantly by natural catastrophe losses and other large losses as discussed in detail below. The combined ratio can also be affected by updated estimates of loss and loss expense reserves established for claims that occurred in prior periods, referred to as prior accident years. Net favorable development on prior accident year reserves, including reserves for catastrophe losses, benefited the combined ratio by 7.7 percentage points in the first six months of 2021, compared with 2.8 percentage points in the same period of 2020. Net favorable development is discussed in further detail in Financial Results by property casualty insurance segment.
The ratio for current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses improved in the first six months of 2021. That 57.2% ratio was 1.8 percentage points lower, compared with the 59.0% accident year 2020 ratio measured as of June 30, 2020, including a decrease of 0.2 points in the ratio for large losses of $1 million or more per claim, discussed below.
The underwriting expense ratio decreased for the second quarter and first six months of 2021, compared with the same periods a year ago. The second-quarter decrease was primarily due to the second-quarter 2020 $16 million Stay-at-Home policyholder credit for personal auto policies. The six-month decrease was primarily due to lower levels of business travel spending and uncollectible premiums, in addition to ongoing expense management efforts and higher earned premiums.
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Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Premiums
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | % Change | 2021 | 2020 | % Change | |||||
| Agency renewal written premiums | $ | 1,333 | $ | 1,244 | 7 | $ | 2,609 | $ | 2,442 | 7 |
| Agency new business written premiums | 235 | 210 | 12 | 455 | 425 | 7 | ||||
| Other written premiums | 146 | 105 | 39 | 343 | 210 | 63 | ||||
| Net written premiums | 1,714 | 1,559 | 10 | 3,407 | 3,077 | 11 | ||||
| Unearned premium change | (200) | (156) | (28) | (418) | (285) | (47) | ||||
| Earned premiums | $ | 1,514 | $ | 1,403 | 8 | $ | 2,989 | $ | 2,792 | 7 |
The trends in net written premiums and earned premiums summarized in the table above include the effects of price increases. Price change trends that heavily influence renewal written premium increases or decreases, along with other premium growth drivers for 2021, are discussed in more detail by segment below in Financial Results.
Consolidated property casualty net written premiums for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, grew $155 million and $330 million compared with the same periods of 2020. Our premium growth initiatives from prior years have provided an ongoing favorable effect on growth during the current year, particularly as newer agency relationships mature over time.
Consolidated property casualty agency new business written premiums increased by $25 million and $30 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2021, compared with the same periods of 2020. New agency appointments during 2020 and 2021 produced a $23 million increase in standard lines new business for the first six months of 2021 compared with the same period of 2020. As we appoint new agencies that choose to move accounts to us, we report these accounts as new business. While this business is new to us, in many cases it is not new to the agent. We believe these seasoned accounts tend to be priced more accurately than business that may be less familiar to our agent upon obtaining it from a competing agent.
Net written premiums for Cincinnati Re, included in other written premiums, increased by $52 million and $143 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with the same periods of 2020, to $136 million and $332 million, respectively. Cincinnati Re assumes risks through reinsurance treaties and in some cases cedes part of the risk and related premiums to one or more unaffiliated reinsurance companies through transactions known as retrocessions.
Cincinnati Global is also included in other written premiums. Net written premiums decreased, by $6 million and $2 million, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with the same periods of 2020, to $47 million and $88 million, respectively.
Other written premiums also include premiums ceded to reinsurers as part of our reinsurance ceded program. An increase in ceded premiums decreased net written premiums by $6 million and $8 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2021, compared with the same periods of 2020. Ceded premiums for the first six months of 2021 included $18 million for cyber insurance, and contributed $4 million of the increase in ceded premiums. We offer cyber insurance as an affirmative coverage option on various insurance policies and subsequently cede all of the related premiums to a reinsurer, therefore transferring substantially all of that risk.
Catastrophe losses and loss expenses typically have a material effect on property casualty results and can vary significantly from period to period. Losses from catastrophes contributed 3.9 and 7.1 percentage points to the combined ratio in the second quarter and first six months of 2021, compared with 16.5 and 12.8 percentage points in the same periods of 2020.
Effective June 1, 2021, we nonrenewed our combined property catastrophe occurrence excess of loss treaty that provided coverage for business written on a direct basis and by Cincinnati Re. We determined that the coverage was no longer cost effective. A restructured reinsurance program became effective for Cincinnati Re only, providing retrocession coverages with various triggers and unique features. That program included property catastrophe excess of loss coverage with a total available aggregate limit of $48 million in excess of $80 million per loss.
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Coverage for Cincinnati Re only with a total available aggregate limit of $30 million expired during the second quarter of 2021.
The following table shows consolidated property casualty insurance catastrophe losses and loss expenses incurred, net of reinsurance, as well as the effect of loss development on prior period catastrophe events. We individually list declared catastrophe events for which our incurred losses reached or exceeded $10 million.
Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Catastrophe Losses and Loss Expenses Incurred
| (Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | |||||||||||||||||||
| Comm. | Pers. | E&S | Comm. | Pers. | E&S | ||||||||||||||||
| Dates | Region | lines | lines | lines | Other | Total | lines | lines | lines | Other | Total | ||||||||||
| 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Feb. 12-15 | South, West | $ | - | $ | - | $ | - | $ | (3) | $ | (3) | $ | 10 | $ | 5 | $ | - | $ | 47 | $ | 62 |
| Feb. 16-20 | Midwest, Northeast, South | 1 | (4) | - | 10 | 7 | 24 | 33 | 1 | 11 | 69 | ||||||||||
| Mar. 24-26 | Midwest, Northeast, South | 5 | - | - | - | 5 | 13 | 19 | - | - | 32 | ||||||||||
| Mar. 27-29 | Midwest, Northeast, South | (1) | 1 | - | - | - | 3 | 9 | - | - | 12 | ||||||||||
| May 3-4 | South | 11 | 4 | - | - | 15 | 11 | 4 | - | - | 15 | ||||||||||
| Jun. 17-20 | Midwest | 6 | 14 | - | - | 20 | 6 | 14 | - | - | 20 | ||||||||||
| All other 2021 catastrophes | 17 | 26 | - | 1 | 44 | 26 | 35 | - | - | 61 | |||||||||||
| Development on 2020 and prior catastrophes | (10) | (1) | - | (18) | (29) | (27) | (4) | - | (28) | (59) | |||||||||||
| Calendar year incurred total | $ | 29 | $ | 40 | $ | - | $ | (10) | $ | 59 | $ | 66 | $ | 115 | $ | 1 | $ | 30 | $ | 212 | |
| 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Jan. 10-12 | Midwest, Northeast, South | $ | - | $ | - | $ | - | $ | - | $ | - | $ | 6 | $ | 5 | $ | - | $ | - | $ | 11 |
| Feb. 5-8 | Northeast, South | (1) | (1) | - | - | (2) | 10 | 5 | - | - | 15 | ||||||||||
| Mar. 2-4 | Midwest, South | 1 | (2) | - | 5 | 4 | 64 | 8 | - | 6 | 78 | ||||||||||
| Mar. 17-20 | Midwest, South | 1 | 5 | - | - | 6 | 2 | 10 | - | - | 12 | ||||||||||
| Mar. 27-30 | Midwest, Northeast, South | 18 | (3) | - | - | 15 | 24 | 13 | - | - | 37 | ||||||||||
| Apr. 7-9 | Midwest, Northeast, South | 26 | 25 | - | - | 51 | 26 | 25 | - | - | 51 | ||||||||||
| Apr. 10-14 | Midwest, Northeast, South | 22 | 27 | - | - | 49 | 22 | 27 | - | - | 49 | ||||||||||
| May 4-5 | Midwest, South | 22 | 5 | - | - | 27 | 22 | 5 | - | - | 27 | ||||||||||
| May 26 - Jun. 8 | Midwest, Northeast, South, West | 20 | - | 1 | 8 | 29 | 20 | - | 1 | 8 | 29 | ||||||||||
| All other 2020 catastrophes | 18 | 36 | 2 | 2 | 58 | 19 | 37 | 2 | 1 | 59 | |||||||||||
| Development on 2019 and prior catastrophes | (6) | - | - | - | (6) | (9) | (5) | - | 3 | (11) | |||||||||||
| Calendar year incurred total | $ | 121 | $ | 92 | $ | 3 | $ | 15 | $ | 231 | $ | 206 | $ | 130 | $ | 3 | $ | 18 | $ | 357 | |
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The following table includes data for losses incurred of $1 million or more per claim, net of reinsurance.
Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Losses Incurred by Size
| (Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | % Change | 2021 | 2020 | % Change | |||||
| Current accident year losses greater than $5 million | $ | 38 | $ | 19 | 100 | $ | 43 | $ | 19 | 126 |
| Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million | 51 | 53 | (4) | 82 | 103 | (20) | ||||
| Large loss prior accident year reserve development | 13 | 7 | 86 | 37 | 33 | 12 | ||||
| Total large losses incurred | 102 | 79 | 29 | 162 | 155 | 5 | ||||
| Losses incurred but not reported | (37) | 134 | nm | 65 | 213 | (69) | ||||
| Other losses excluding catastrophe losses | 577 | 409 | 41 | 1,028 | 905 | 14 | ||||
| Catastrophe losses | 56 | 226 | (75) | 206 | 349 | (41) | ||||
| Total losses incurred | $ | 698 | $ | 848 | (18) | $ | 1,461 | $ | 1,622 | (10) |
| Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: | Pt. Change | Pt. Change | ||||||||
| Current accident year losses greater than $5 million | 2.5 | % | 1.4 | % | 1.1 | 1.4 | % | 0.7 | % | 0.7 |
| Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million | 3.4 | 3.7 | (0.3) | 2.8 | 3.7 | (0.9) | ||||
| Large loss prior accident year reserve development | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.0 | ||||
| Total large loss ratio | 6.8 | 5.6 | 1.2 | 5.4 | 5.6 | (0.2) | ||||
| Losses incurred but not reported | (2.4) | 9.6 | (12.0) | 2.2 | 7.6 | (5.4) | ||||
| Other losses excluding catastrophe losses | 38.0 | 29.2 | 8.8 | 34.4 | 32.4 | 2.0 | ||||
| Catastrophe losses | 3.7 | 16.1 | (12.4) | 6.9 | 12.5 | (5.6) | ||||
| Total loss ratio | 46.1 | % | 60.5 | % | (14.4) | 48.9 | % | 58.1 | % | (9.2) |
We believe the inherent variability of aggregate loss experience for our portfolio of larger policies is greater than that of our portfolio of smaller policies, and we continue to monitor the variability in addition to general inflationary trends in loss costs. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. The second-quarter 2021 property casualty total large losses incurred of $102 million, net of reinsurance, were higher than the $74 million quarterly average during full-year 2020 and the $79 million experienced for the second quarter of 2020. The ratio for these large losses was 1.2 percentage points higher compared with last year's second quarter. The second-quarter 2021 amount of total large losses incurred unfavorably contributed to the decrease in the six-month 2021 total large loss ratio, compared with 2020, as it partially offset a first-quarter 2021 ratio that was 1.4 points lower than the first quarter of 2020. We believe results for the three- and six-month periods largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $1 million. Losses by size are discussed in further detail in results of operations by property casualty insurance segment.
FINANCIAL RESULTS
Consolidated results reflect the operating results of each of our five segments along with the parent company, Cincinnati Re, Cincinnati Global and other activities reported as 'Other.' The five segments are:
•Commercial lines insurance
•Personal lines insurance
•Excess and surplus lines insurance
•Life insurance
•Investments
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COMMERCIAL LINES INSURANCE RESULTS
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | % Change | 2021 | 2020 | % Change | |||||
| Earned premiums | $ | 911 | $ | 870 | 5 | $ | 1,797 | $ | 1,733 | 4 |
| Fee revenues | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||||
| Total revenues | 912 | 871 | 5 | 1,799 | 1,735 | 4 | ||||
| Loss and loss expenses from: | ||||||||||
| Current accident year before catastrophe losses | 527 | 514 | 3 | 1,059 | 1,040 | 2 | ||||
| Current accident year catastrophe losses | 39 | 127 | (69) | 93 | 215 | (57) | ||||
| Prior accident years before catastrophe losses | (76) | (39) | (95) | (142) | (42) | (238) | ||||
| Prior accident years catastrophe losses | (10) | (6) | (67) | (27) | (9) | (200) | ||||
| Loss and loss expenses | 480 | 596 | (19) | 983 | 1,204 | (18) | ||||
| Underwriting expenses | 287 | 267 | 7 | 541 | 543 | 0 | ||||
| Underwriting profit (loss) | $ | 145 | $ | 8 | nm | $ | 275 | $ | (12) | nm |
| Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: | Pt. Change | Pt. Change | ||||||||
| Current accident year before catastrophe losses | 57.9 | % | 58.9 | % | (1.0) | 58.9 | % | 60.0 | % | (1.1) |
| Current accident year catastrophe losses | 4.3 | 14.6 | (10.3) | 5.2 | 12.4 | (7.2) | ||||
| Prior accident years before catastrophe losses | (8.3) | (4.5) | (3.8) | (7.9) | (2.4) | (5.5) | ||||
| Prior accident years catastrophe losses | (1.1) | (0.6) | (0.5) | (1.5) | (0.5) | (1.0) | ||||
| Loss and loss expenses | 52.8 | 68.4 | (15.6) | 54.7 | 69.5 | (14.8) | ||||
| Underwriting expenses | 31.4 | 30.7 | 0.7 | 30.1 | 31.3 | (1.2) | ||||
| Combined ratio | 84.2 | % | 99.1 | % | (14.9) | 84.8 | % | 100.8 | % | (16.0) |
| Combined ratio | 84.2 | % | 99.1 | % | (14.9) | 84.8 | % | 100.8 | % | (16.0) |
|
Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development |
(5.1) | 9.5 | (14.6) | (4.2) | 9.5 | (13.7) | ||||
|
Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development |
89.3 | % | 89.6 | % | (0.3) | 89.0 | % | 91.3 | % | (2.3) |
Overview
Commercial lines insurance segment earned premiums grew 5% for the second quarter and 4% for the first six months of 2021, exceeding the 3% full-year 2019 earned premiums growth rate recorded prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic and a weakened economy reduced premium volume during the first quarter of 2021 and the second quarter of last year. A strengthening economy in 2021 contributed to net written premium growth for the second quarter and first six months of 2021, compared with the same periods a year ago.
Net written premiums grew 8% for the second quarter of 2021 and 6% for the first six months, compared with the same periods of 2020. New business written premiums increased 9% for the second quarter of 2021 and 1% for the first six months. New business and renewal premium amounts could decline if the exposure basis for policy premiums, such as sales and payrolls of businesses we insure, decrease as a result of a weakened economy.
Loss experience for our insurance operations is influenced by many factors, including lower catastrophe losses that contributed to lower overall commercial lines losses for the first half of 2021. During the first six months of 2021, loss experience before catastrophe effects for our commercial lines insurance segment continued to improve. The main driver of the improvement was the ratio for reserve development on prior accident years before catastrophe losses. For future periods, factors that reduce exposure to certain insurance losses, such as fewer vehicular miles driven or reduced sales results and payrolls for businesses, could cause a reduction in future losses that generally correspond to reduced premiums. However, there could be losses or legal expenses that occur independent of changes in mileage, sales or payrolls of businesses we insure, due to pandemic effects or other factors.
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Performance highlights for the commercial lines segment include:
•Premiums - Earned premiums and net written premiums for the commercial lines segment rose during the second quarter and first six months of 2021, compared with the same periods a year ago, primarily due to renewal written premium growth that continued to include higher average pricing. The table below analyzes the primary components of premiums. We continue to use predictive analytics tools to improve pricing precision and segmentation while leveraging our local relationships with agents through the efforts of our teams that work closely with them. We seek to maintain appropriate pricing discipline for both new and renewal business as our agents and underwriters assess account quality to make careful decisions on a case-by-case basis whether to write or renew a policy.
Agency renewal written premiums increased by 7% for both the second quarter and first six months of 2021, compared with the same periods of 2020. During the second quarter of 2021, our overall standard commercial lines policies averaged estimated renewal price increases at percentages in the mid-single-digit range. We continue to segment commercial lines policies, emphasizing identification and retention of those we believe have relatively stronger pricing. Conversely, we have been seeking stricter renewal terms and conditions on policies we believe have relatively weaker pricing, thus retaining fewer of those policies. We measure average changes in commercial lines renewal pricing as the percentage rate of change in renewal premium for the new policy period compared with the premium for the expiring policy period, assuming no change in the level of insured exposures or policy coverage between those periods for the respective policies.
Our average overall commercial lines renewal pricing change includes the impact of flat pricing for certain coverages within package policies written for a three-year term that were in force but did not expire during the period being measured. Therefore, our reported change in average commercial lines renewal pricing reflects a blend of three-year policies that did not expire and other policies that did expire during the measurement period. For commercial lines policies that did expire and were then renewed during the second quarter of 2021, we estimate that our average percentage price increases were as follows: commercial property near the high end of the mid-single-digit range, commercial auto in the mid-single-digit range and commercial casualty in the mid-single-digit range. The estimated average percentage price change for workers' compensation was a decrease near the high end of the low-single-digit range.
Renewal premiums for certain policies, primarily our commercial casualty and workers' compensation lines of business, include the results of policy audits that adjust initial premium amounts based on differences between estimated and actual sales or payroll related to a specific policy. Audits completed during the first six months of 2021 contributed $18 million to net written premiums, compared with $32 million for the same period of 2020.
New business written premiums for commercial lines increased by $12 million for the second quarter and $3 million for the first six months of 2021, compared with the same periods of 2020. Trend analysis for year-over-year comparisons of individual quarters is more difficult to assess for commercial lines new business written premiums, due to inherent variability. That variability is often driven by larger policies with annual premiums greater than $100,000.
Other written premiums include premiums ceded to reinsurers as part of our reinsurance ceded program. For our commercial lines insurance segment, an increase in ceded premiums decreased net written premiums by $4 million and $5 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2021, compared with the same periods of 2020.
Commercial Lines Insurance Premiums
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | % Change | 2021 | 2020 | % Change | |||||
| Agency renewal written premiums | $ | 852 | $ | 794 | 7 | $ | 1,750 | $ | 1,636 | 7 |
| Agency new business written premiums | 146 | 134 | 9 | 291 | 288 | 1 | ||||
| Other written premiums | (21) | (20) | (5) | (45) | (44) | (2) | ||||
| Net written premiums | 977 | 908 | 8 | 1,996 | 1,880 | 6 | ||||
| Unearned premium change | (66) | (38) | (74) | (199) | (147) | (35) | ||||
| Earned premiums | $ | 911 | $ | 870 | 5 | $ | 1,797 | $ | 1,733 | 4 |
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•Combined ratio - The commercial lines combined ratio for the second quarter of 2021 improved by 14.9 percentage points, compared with second-quarter 2020, including a decrease of 10.8 points in losses from catastrophes. For the first six months of 2021, the combined ratio improved by 16.0 percentage points, compared with the same period a year ago, including a decrease of 8.2 points in losses from catastrophes. Underwriting results continued to reflect better loss experience for the current accident year and a higher level of favorable reserve development on prior accident years.
The ratio for current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses for commercial lines improved in the first six months of 2021. That 58.9% ratio was 1.1 percentage points lower, compared with the 60.0% accident year 2020 ratio measured as of June 30, 2020, including a decrease of 0.2 percentage points in the ratio for large losses of $1 million or more per claim, discussed below.
Catastrophe losses and loss expenses accounted for 3.2 and 3.7 percentage points of the combined ratio for the second quarter and first six months of 2021, compared with 14.0 and 11.9 percentage points for the same periods a year ago. Through 2020, the 10-year annual average for that catastrophe measure for the commercial lines segment was 6.2 percentage points, and the five-year annual average was 6.6 percentage points.
The net effect of reserve development on prior accident years during the second quarter and first six months of 2021 was favorable for commercial lines overall by $86 million and $169 million, compared with $45 million and $51 million for the same periods in 2020. For the first six months of 2021, our commercial casualty, commercial property, commercial auto and workers' compensation lines of business were the main contributors to the commercial lines net favorable reserve development on prior accident years. The net favorable reserve development recognized during the first six months of 2021 for our commercial lines insurance segment was primarily for accident years 2020 and 2019 and was primarily due to lower-than-anticipated loss emergence on known claims. Reserve estimates are inherently uncertain as described in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves, Page 56.
The commercial lines underwriting expense ratio increased for the second quarter and decreased for the first six months of 2021, compared with the same periods a year ago. The second-quarter increase was primarily due to an increase in profit-sharing commissions for agencies. The six-month decrease was primarily due to lower levels of business travel spending and uncollectible premiums, in addition to ongoing expense management efforts and higher earned premiums.
Commercial Lines Insurance Losses Incurred by Size
| (Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | % Change | 2021 | 2020 | % Change | |||||
| Current accident year losses greater than $5 million | $ | 38 | $ | 19 | 100 | $ | 43 | $ | 19 | 126 |
| Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million | 29 | 45 | (36) | 55 | 81 | (32) | ||||
| Large loss prior accident year reserve development | 14 | 5 | 180 | 40 | 27 | 48 | ||||
| Total large losses incurred | 81 | 69 | 17 | 138 | 127 | 9 | ||||
| Losses incurred but not reported | (34) | 72 | nm | 5 | 130 | (96) | ||||
| Other losses excluding catastrophe losses | 326 | 233 | 40 | 587 | 531 | 11 | ||||
| Catastrophe losses | 27 | 119 | (77) | 62 | 201 | (69) | ||||
| Total losses incurred | $ | 400 | $ | 493 | (19) | $ | 792 | $ | 989 | (20) |
| Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: | Pt. Change | Pt. Change | ||||||||
| Current accident year losses greater than $5 million | 4.2 | % | 2.2 | % | 2.0 | 2.4 | % | 1.1 | % | 1.3 |
| Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million | 3.2 | 5.1 | (1.9) | 3.1 | 4.6 | (1.5) | ||||
| Large loss prior accident year reserve development | 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 0.6 | ||||
| Total large loss ratio | 8.8 | 7.9 | 0.9 | 7.7 | 7.3 | 0.4 | ||||
| Losses incurred but not reported | (3.6) | 8.3 | (11.9) | 0.3 | 7.5 | (7.2) | ||||
| Other losses excluding catastrophe losses | 35.7 | 26.8 | 8.9 | 32.6 | 30.7 | 1.9 | ||||
| Catastrophe losses | 3.0 | 13.6 | (10.6) | 3.5 | 11.6 | (8.1) | ||||
| Total loss ratio | 43.9 | % | 56.6 | % | (12.7) | 44.1 | % | 57.1 | % | (13.0) |
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We continue to monitor new losses and case reserve increases greater than $1 million for trends in factors such as initial reserve levels, loss cost inflation and claim settlement expenses. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of these large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. The second-quarter 2021 commercial lines total large losses incurred of $81 million, net of reinsurance, were higher than the quarterly average of $55 million during full-year 2020 and the $69 million of total large losses incurred for the second quarter of 2020. The increase in commercial lines large losses for the first six months of 2021 was primarily due to our commercial casualty line of business. The second-quarter 2021 ratio for commercial lines total large losses was 0.9 percentage points higher than last year's second-quarter ratio. The second-quarter 2021 amount of total large losses incurred unfavorably contributed to the increase in the six-month 2021 total large loss ratio, compared with 2020, as it offset a first-quarter 2021 ratio that was 0.2 points lower than the first quarter of 2020. We believe results for the three-and six- month periods largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $1 million.
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PERSONAL LINES INSURANCE RESULTS
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | % Change | 2021 | 2020 | % Change | |||||
| Earned premiums | $ | 382 | $ | 364 | 5 | $ | 758 | $ | 723 | 5 |
| Fee revenues | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||||
| Total revenues | 383 | 365 | 5 | 760 | 725 | 5 | ||||
| Loss and loss expenses from: | ||||||||||
| Current accident year before catastrophe losses | 212 | 194 | 9 | 427 | 410 | 4 | ||||
| Current accident year catastrophe losses | 41 | 92 | (55) | 119 | 135 | (12) | ||||
| Prior accident years before catastrophe losses | (11) | - | nm | (28) | (23) | (22) | ||||
| Prior accident years catastrophe losses | (1) | - | nm | (4) | (5) | 20 | ||||
| Loss and loss expenses | 241 | 286 | (16) | 514 | 517 | (1) | ||||
| Underwriting expenses | 113 | 122 | (7) | 220 | 230 | (4) | ||||
| Underwriting profit (loss) | $ | 29 | $ | (43) | nm | $ | 26 | $ | (22) | nm |
| Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: | Pt. Change | Pt. Change | ||||||||
| Current accident year before catastrophe losses | 55.3 | % | 53.8 | % | 1.5 | 56.3 | % | 56.9 | % | (0.6) |
| Current accident year catastrophe losses | 10.9 | 25.3 | (14.4) | 15.7 | 18.7 | (3.0) | ||||
| Prior accident years before catastrophe losses | (2.9) | 0.0 | (2.9) | (3.7) | (3.2) | (0.5) | ||||
| Prior accident years catastrophe losses | (0.3) | (0.2) | (0.1) | (0.5) | (0.8) | 0.3 | ||||
| Loss and loss expenses | 63.0 | 78.9 | (15.9) | 67.8 | 71.6 | (3.8) | ||||
| Underwriting expenses | 29.7 | 33.4 | (3.7) | 29.0 | 31.8 | (2.8) | ||||
| Combined ratio | 92.7 | % | 112.3 | % | (19.6) | 96.8 | % | 103.4 | % | (6.6) |
| Combined ratio | 92.7 | % | 112.3 | % | (19.6) | 96.8 | % | 103.4 | % | (6.6) |
|
Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development |
7.7 | 25.1 | (17.4) | 11.5 | 14.7 | (3.2) | ||||
|
Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development |
85.0 | % | 87.2 | % | (2.2) | 85.3 | % | 88.7 | % | (3.4) |
Overview
The COVID-19 pandemic did not have a significant effect on our personal lines insurance segment premiums for the second quarter or first six months of 2021, as net written premiums grew 4% for the quarter and 5% for the six-month period, compared with the same periods of 2020. Loss experience for our insurance operations is influenced by many factors. During the first six months of 2021, loss experience for our personal auto line of business improved, as reduced driving related to the pandemic contributed to a reduction in reported claims. Because of factors that reduce exposure to certain insurance losses, there could be a reduction in future losses that generally corresponds to reduced premiums. However, there could be losses or legal expenses that occur independent of changes in miles driven for autos we insure, due to pandemic effects or other factors.
Performance highlights for the personal lines segment include:
•Premiums - Personal lines earned premiums and net written premiums continued to grow during the second quarter and first six months of 2021, reflecting increased new business and renewal written premiums that included higher average pricing. Personal lines net written premiums from high net worth policies totaled approximately $177 million and $310 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2021, compared with $144 million and $246 million for the same periods of 2020. The table below analyzes the primary components of premiums.
Agency renewal written premiums increased 3% for both the second quarter and first six months of 2021, reflecting rate increases in selected states and other factors such as changes in policy deductibles or mix of business. We estimate that premium rates for our personal auto line of business increased at average percentages in the mid-single-digit range during the first six months of 2021. For our homeowner line of business, we estimate that premium rates for the first six months of 2021 also increased at average
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percentages in the mid-single-digit range. For both our personal auto and homeowner lines of business, some individual policies experienced lower or higher rate changes based on each risk's specific characteristics and enhanced pricing precision enabled by predictive models.
Personal lines new business written premiums increased 20% for the second quarter and 27% for the first six months of 2021, compared with the same periods of 2020, following growth of 26% for the second half of 2020. We believe underwriting and pricing discipline was maintained in recent quarters, and growth was enhanced by expanded use of enhanced pricing precision tools, including excess and surplus lines homeowner policies we began offering in early 2020. Those homeowner policies contributed $5 million to personal lines new business written premiums for the second quarter and $10 million for the first six months of 2021.
Other written premiums include premiums ceded to reinsurers as part of our reinsurance ceded program. For our personal lines insurance segment, an increase in ceded premiums decreased net written premiums by $1 million and $2 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2021, compared with the same periods of 2020.
We continue to implement strategies discussed in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Strategic Initiatives, Page 15, to enhance our responsiveness to marketplace changes and to help achieve our long-term objectives for personal lines growth and profitability.
Personal Lines Insurance Premiums
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | % Change | 2021 | 2020 | % Change | |||||
| Agency renewal written premiums | $ | 397 | $ | 387 | 3 | $ | 699 | $ | 681 | 3 |
| Agency new business written premiums | 53 | 44 | 20 | 99 | 78 | 27 | ||||
| Other written premiums | (11) | (8) | (38) | (21) | (17) | (24) | ||||
| Net written premiums | 439 | 423 | 4 | 777 | 742 | 5 | ||||
| Unearned premium change | (57) | (59) | 3 | (19) | (19) | 0 | ||||
| Earned premiums | $ | 382 | $ | 364 | 5 | $ | 758 | $ | 723 | 5 |
•Combined ratio - Our personal lines combined ratio for the second quarter of 2021 improved by 19.6 percentage points, compared with second-quarter 2020, including a decrease of 14.5 points in losses from catastrophes. For the first six months of 2021, the combined ratio improved by 6.6 percentage points, compared with the same period a year ago, including a decrease of 2.7 points in losses from catastrophes.
The ratio for current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses for personal lines improved in the first six months of 2021. That 56.3% ratio was 0.6 percentage points lower, compared with the 56.9% accident year 2020 ratio measured as of June 30, 2020, including a decrease of 0.4 percentage points in the ratio for large losses of $1 million or more per claim, discussed below.
Catastrophe losses and loss expenses accounted for 10.6 and 15.2 percentage points of the combined ratio for the second quarter and first six months of 2021, compared with 25.1 and 17.9 percentage points for the same periods a year ago. The 10-year annual average catastrophe loss ratio for the personal lines segment through 2020 was 11.2 percentage points, and the five-year annual average was 11.1 percentage points.
In addition to the average rate increases discussed above, we continue to refine our pricing to better match premiums to the risk of loss on individual policies. Improved pricing precision and broad-based rate increases are expected to help position the combined ratio at a profitable level over the long term. In addition, greater geographic diversification is expected to reduce the volatility of homeowner loss ratios attributable to weather-related catastrophe losses over time.
The net effect of reserve development on prior accident years during the second quarter and first six months of 2021 was favorable for personal lines overall by $12 million and $32 million, compared with less than $1 million and $28 million for the same periods of 2020. Our personal auto line of business was the primary contributor to the personal lines net favorable reserve development for the first six months of 2021. The net favorable reserve development was primarily due to lower-than-anticipated loss emergence on known claims. Reserve estimates are inherently uncertain as described in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves, Page 56.
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The underwriting expense ratio decreased for the second quarter and first six months of 2021, compared with the same periods a year ago. The decreases reflected lower levels of uncollectible premiums in 2021 while the 2020 periods included a $16 million Stay-at-Home policyholder credit for personal auto policies. The ratios also reflect ongoing expense management efforts and premium growth outpacing growth in expenses.
Personal Lines Insurance Losses Incurred by Size
| (Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | % Change | 2021 | 2020 | % Change | |||||
| Current accident year losses greater than $5 million | $ | - | $ | - | nm | $ | - | $ | - | nm |
| Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million | 15 | 8 | 88 | 19 | 20 | (5) | ||||
| Large loss prior accident year reserve development | (2) | 2 | nm | (3) | 7 | nm | ||||
| Total large losses incurred | 13 | 10 | 30 | 16 | 27 | (41) | ||||
| Losses incurred but not reported | (4) | 41 | nm | 37 | 65 | (43) | ||||
| Other losses excluding catastrophe losses | 158 | 105 | 50 | 288 | 232 | 24 | ||||
| Catastrophe losses | 39 | 89 | (56) | 113 | 127 | (11) | ||||
| Total losses incurred | $ | 206 | $ | 245 | (16) | $ | 454 | $ | 451 | 1 |
| Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: | Pt. Change | Pt. Change | ||||||||
| Current accident year losses greater than $5 million | - | % | - | % | 0.0 | - | % | - | % | 0.0 |
| Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million | 4.0 | 2.3 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 2.9 | (0.4) | ||||
| Large loss prior accident year reserve development | (0.5) | 0.5 | (1.0) | (0.3) | 0.9 | (1.2) | ||||
| Total large loss ratio | 3.5 | 2.8 | 0.7 | 2.2 | 3.8 | (1.6) | ||||
| Losses incurred but not reported | (1.1) | 11.3 | (12.4) | 4.9 | 8.9 | (4.0) | ||||
| Other losses excluding catastrophe losses | 41.4 | 28.8 | 12.6 | 37.9 | 32.2 | 5.7 | ||||
| Catastrophe losses | 10.3 | 24.6 | (14.3) | 14.9 | 17.5 | (2.6) | ||||
| Total loss ratio | 54.1 | % | 67.5 | % | (13.4) | 59.9 | % | 62.4 | % | (2.5) |
We continue to monitor new losses and case reserve increases greater than $1 million for trends in factors such as initial reserve levels, loss cost inflation and claim settlement expenses. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of these large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. In the second quarter of 2021, the personal lines total large loss ratio, net of reinsurance, was 0.7 percentage points higher than last year's second quarter. The decrease in personal lines large losses for the first six months of 2021 occurred primarily for umbrella coverage in our other personal line of business. The second-quarter 2021 amount of total large losses incurred unfavorably contributed to the decrease in the six-month 2021 total large loss ratio, compared with 2020, in as it partially offset a first-quarter 2021 ratio that was 3.9 points lower than the first quarter of 2020. We believe results for the three- and six-month periods largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $1 million.
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EXCESS AND SURPLUS LINES INSURANCE RESULTS
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | % Change | 2021 | 2020 | % Change | |||||
| Earned premiums | $ | 95 | $ | 78 | 22 | $ | 184 | $ | 156 | 18 |
| Fee revenues | 1 | - | nm | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||||
| Total revenues | 96 | 78 | 23 | 185 | 157 | 18 | ||||
| Loss and loss expenses from: | ||||||||||
| Current accident year before catastrophe losses | 59 | 46 | 28 | 113 | 90 | 26 | ||||
| Current accident year catastrophe losses | - | 3 | (100) | 1 | 3 | (67) | ||||
| Prior accident years before catastrophe losses | (1) | 8 | nm | 3 | 9 | (67) | ||||
| Prior accident years catastrophe losses | - | - | 0 | - | - | 0 | ||||
| Loss and loss expenses | 58 | 57 | 2 | 117 | 102 | 15 | ||||
| Underwriting expenses | 28 | 22 | 27 | 50 | 47 | 6 | ||||
| Underwriting profit (loss) | $ | 10 | $ | (1) | nm | $ | 18 | $ | 8 | 125 |
| Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: | Pt. Change | Pt. Change | ||||||||
| Current accident year before catastrophe losses | 62.0 | % | 59.0 | % | 3.0 | 61.5 | % | 57.4 | % | 4.1 |
| Current accident year catastrophe losses | 0.4 | 3.6 | (3.2) | 0.8 | 2.0 | (1.2) | ||||
| Prior accident years before catastrophe losses | (1.5) | 11.2 | (12.7) | 1.5 | 5.9 | (4.4) | ||||
| Prior accident years catastrophe losses | 0.1 | (0.2) | 0.3 | (0.1) | 0.2 | (0.3) | ||||
| Loss and loss expenses | 61.0 | 73.6 | (12.6) | 63.7 | 65.5 | (1.8) | ||||
| Underwriting expenses | 28.5 | 28.4 | 0.1 | 27.0 | 30.0 | (3.0) | ||||
| Combined ratio | 89.5 | % | 102.0 | % | (12.5) | 90.7 | % | 95.5 | % | (4.8) |
| Combined ratio | 89.5 | % | 102.0 | % | (12.5) | 90.7 | % | 95.5 | % | (4.8) |
|
Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development |
(1.0) | 14.6 | (15.6) | 2.2 | 8.1 | (5.9) | ||||
|
Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development |
90.5 | % | 87.4 | % | 3.1 | 88.5 | % | 87.4 | % | 1.1 |
Overview
The COVID-19 pandemic did not have a significant effect on our excess and surplus lines insurance segment premiums during the second quarter or first six months of 2021, as net written premiums grew 26% for the quarter and 22% for the six-month period, compared with the same periods of 2020. Premium growth could slow significantly if the basis for policy premiums, such as the sales results of businesses we insure, decrease as a result of a weakened economy.
Loss experience for our insurance operations is influenced by many factors. We have not determined any material effect on our excess and surplus lines insurance loss experience for the first six months of 2021 as a result of the pandemic. Because of factors that reduce exposure to certain insurance losses, such as reduced sales results for businesses, there could be a reduction in future losses that generally corresponds to reduced premiums. However, there could be losses or legal expenses that occur independent of changes in sales of businesses we insure, due to pandemic effects or other factors.
Performance highlights for the excess and surplus lines segment include:
•Premiums - Excess and surplus lines net written premiums continued to grow during the second quarter and first six months of 2021, compared with the same periods a year ago, primarily due to an increase in agency renewal written premiums. Renewal written premiums rose 28% for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with the same period of 2020, reflecting the opportunity to renew many accounts for the first time, as well as higher renewal pricing. For the first six months of 2021, excess and surplus lines policy renewals experienced estimated average price increases at percentages in the high-single-digit range, up from a mid-single-digit range in 2020. We measure average changes in excess and surplus lines renewal pricing as
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the percentage rate of change in renewal premium for the new policy period compared with the premium for the expiring policy period, assuming no change in the level of insured exposures or policy coverage between those periods for respective policies.
New business written premiums produced by agencies increased by 13% for the second quarter and 10% for the first six months of 2021 compared with the same periods of 2020, as we continued to carefully underwrite each policy in a highly competitive market. Some of what we report as new business came from accounts that were not new to our agents. We believe our agents' seasoned accounts tend to be priced more accurately than business that may be less familiar to them.
Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance Premiums
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | % Change | 2021 | 2020 | % Change | |||||
| Agency renewal written premiums | $ | 84 | $ | 63 | 33 | $ | 160 | $ | 125 | 28 |
| Agency new business written premiums | 36 | 32 | 13 | 65 | 59 | 10 | ||||
| Other written premiums | (5) | (4) | (25) | (11) | (8) | (38) | ||||
| Net written premiums | 115 | 91 | 26 | 214 | 176 | 22 | ||||
| Unearned premium change | (20) | (13) | (54) | (30) | (20) | (50) | ||||
| Earned premiums | $ | 95 | $ | 78 | 22 | $ | 184 | $ | 156 | 18 |
•Combined ratio - The excess and surplus lines combined ratio improved by 12.5 and 4.8 percentage points for the second quarter and first six months of 2021, compared with the same periods of 2020. The improvement for both periods was primarily due to more favorable reserve development on prior accident years. The $3 million of unfavorable reserve development for the six-month 2021 period was due to an updated estimate during the first quarter for salaries and other costs for claims associates, reflecting our experience in recent quarters of claims on average remaining open longer than previously expected. The IBNR portion of the total loss and loss expense ratio before catastrophe losses was 2.7 percentage points higher for the first six months of 2021, compared with the same period a year ago, while the paid portion was 2.6 points lower and the case incurred portion was 3.0 points lower.
The ratio for current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses for excess and surplus lines increased in the first six months of 2021. That 61.5% ratio was 4.1 percentage points higher, compared with the 57.4% accident year 2020 ratio measured as of June 30, 2020, including an increase of 3.2 percentage points in the ratio for large losses of $1 million or more per claim, discussed below.
Excess and surplus lines net reserve development on prior accident years, as a ratio to earned premiums, was a favorable 1.4% for second-quarter 2021 and an unfavorable 1.4% for the first six months of 2021, compared with unfavorable net reserve development of 11.0% and 6.1% for the same periods of 2020. The $3 million of net unfavorable reserve development recognized during the first six months of 2021 included approximately $3 million for accident years prior to 2019. Reserve estimates are inherently uncertain as described in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves, Page 56.
The excess and surplus lines underwriting expense ratio decreased for the first six months of of 2021, compared with the same period of 2020, including lower levels of business travel spending and uncollectible premiums, in addition to ongoing expense management efforts and premium growth outpacing growth in expenses.
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Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance Losses Incurred by Size
| (Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | % Change | 2021 | 2020 | % Change | |||||
| Current accident year losses greater than $5 million | $ | - | $ | - | nm | $ | - | $ | - | nm |
| Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million | 7 | - | nm | 8 | 2 | 300 | ||||
| Large loss prior accident year reserve development | 1 | - | nm | - | (1) | 100 | ||||
| Total large losses incurred | 8 | - | nm | 8 | 1 | nm | ||||
| Losses incurred but not reported | 1 | 21 | (95) | 23 | 18 | 28 | ||||
| Other losses excluding catastrophe losses | 34 | 20 | 70 | 49 | 50 | (2) | ||||
| Catastrophe losses | - | 3 | (100) | 1 | 3 | (67) | ||||
| Total losses incurred | $ | 43 | $ | 44 | (2) | $ | 81 | $ | 72 | 13 |
| Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: | Pt. Change | Pt. Change | ||||||||
| Current accident year losses greater than $5 million | - | % | - | % | 0.0 | - | % | - | % | 0.0 |
| Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million | 7.5 | - | 7.5 | 4.5 | 1.3 | 3.2 | ||||
| Large loss prior accident year reserve development | 1.3 | 0.1 | 1.2 | (0.2) | (0.7) | 0.5 | ||||
| Total large loss ratio | 8.8 | 0.1 | 8.7 | 4.3 | 0.6 | 3.7 | ||||
| Losses incurred but not reported | 0.8 | 27.2 | (26.4) | 12.3 | 11.3 | 1.0 | ||||
| Other losses excluding catastrophe losses | 35.0 | 25.8 | 9.2 | 26.8 | 31.9 | (5.1) | ||||
| Catastrophe losses | 0.4 | 3.3 | (2.9) | 0.7 | 2.1 | (1.4) | ||||
| Total loss ratio | 45.0 | % | 56.4 | % | (11.4) | 44.1 | % | 45.9 | % | (1.8) |
We continue to monitor new losses and case reserve increases greater than $1 million for trends in factors such as initial reserve levels, loss cost inflation and claim settlement expenses. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of these large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. In the second quarter of 2021, the excess and surplus lines total ratio for large losses, net of reinsurance, was 8.7 percentage points higher than last year's second quarter. The second-quarter 2021 amount of total large losses incurred unfavorably contributed to the increase in the six-month 2021 total large loss ratio, compared with 2020, as it offset a first-quarter 2021 ratio that was 1.6 points lower than the first quarter of 2020. We believe results for the three- and six-month periods largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $1 million.
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LIFE INSURANCE RESULTS
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | % Change | 2021 | 2020 | % Change | |||||
| Earned premiums | $ | 79 | $ | 79 | 0 | $ | 148 | $ | 146 | 1 |
| Fee revenues | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 100 | ||||
| Total revenues | 80 | 80 | 0 | 150 | 147 | 2 | ||||
| Contract holders' benefits incurred | 85 | 79 | 8 | 165 | 152 | 9 | ||||
| Investment interest credited to contract holders | (27) | (25) | (8) | (53) | (51) | (4) | ||||
| Underwriting expenses incurred | 24 | 25 | (4) | 42 | 43 | (2) | ||||
| Total benefits and expenses | 82 | 79 | 4 | 154 | 144 | 7 | ||||
| Life insurance segment profit (loss) | $ | (2) | $ | 1 | nm | $ | (4) | $ | 3 | nm |
Overview
The COVID-19 pandemic did not have a significant effect on our life insurance segment earned premiums, benefits or expenses for the first six months of 2021. However, the pandemic did contribute to a moderate increase in death claims in the first three months of 2021. Further, growth in worksite premiums, which originate from enrollments at the workplace, have slowed to a small extent in recent quarters, and could continue to slow in the future, due to curtailed enrollment activity. It is also possible we may continue to experience higher than projected future death claims due to the pandemic.
Performance highlights for the life insurance segment include:
•Revenues - Revenues increased for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with the same period a year ago, driven by higher earned premiums from term life insurance, our largest life insurance product line.
Net in-force life insurance policy face amounts increased to $75.487 billion at June 30, 2021, from $73.475 billion at year-end 2020.
Fixed annuity deposits received for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, were $10 million and $27 million, compared with $13 million and $24 million for the same periods of 2020. Fixed annuity deposits have a minimal impact to earned premiums because deposits received are initially recorded as liabilities. Profit is earned over time by way of interest-rate spreads. We do not write variable or equity-indexed annuities.
Life Insurance Premiums
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | % Change | 2021 | 2020 | % Change | |||||
| Term life insurance | $ | 52 | $ | 51 | 2 | $ | 103 | $ | 98 | 5 |
| Universal life insurance | 14 | 16 | (13) | 21 | 24 | (13) | ||||
| Other life insurance and annuity products | 13 | 12 | 8 | 24 | 24 | 0 | ||||
| Net earned premiums | $ | 79 | $ | 79 | 0 | $ | 148 | $ | 146 | 1 |
•Profitability - Our life insurance segment typically reports a small profit or loss on a GAAP basis because profits from investment income spreads are included in our investment segment results. We include only investment income credited to contract holders (including interest assumed in life insurance policy reserve calculations) in our life insurance segment results. A $4 million loss for our life insurance segment in the first six months of 2021, compared with profit of $3 million for the same period of 2020, was primarily due to less favorable mortality results as a result of higher death claims and less favorable effects from the unlocking of interest rate and other actuarial assumptions.
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Life insurance segment benefits and expenses consist principally of contract holders' (policyholders') benefits incurred related to traditional life and interest-sensitive products and operating expenses incurred, net of deferred acquisition costs. Total benefits increased in the first six months of 2021. Life policy and investment contract reserves increased with continued growth in net in-force life insurance policy face amounts and less favorable effects from the unlocking of interest rate and other actuarial assumptions. Mortality results increased, compared with the same period of 2020, and were above our 2021 projections, due in part to pandemic related death claims.
Underwriting expenses for the first six months of 2021 were slightly lower than the same period a year ago.
We recognize that assets under management, capital appreciation and investment income are integral to evaluating the success of the life insurance segment because of the long duration of life products. On a basis that includes investment income and investment gains or losses from life-insurance-related invested assets, the life insurance company reported net income of $14 million and $24 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with net income of $12 million for the second quarter of 2020 and a net loss of $1 million for the first six months of 2020. The life insurance company portfolio had net after-tax investment gains of $3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with a net after-tax investment gain of $1 million for the second quarter of 2020 and a net after-tax investment loss of $24 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The after-tax investment losses for the six months ended June 30, 2020, were due to impairments of fixed-maturity securities.
INVESTMENTS RESULTS
Overview
The investments segment contributes investment income and investment gains and losses to results of operations. Investments traditionally are our primary source of pretax and after-tax profits.
Investment Income
Pretax investment income grew 5% for both the second quarter and first six months of 2021, compared with the same periods of 2020. Interest income increased by $3 million and $9 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, as net purchases of fixed-maturity securities in recent quarters generally offset the continuing effects of the low interest rate environment. Higher dividend income reflected rising dividend rates and net purchases of equity securities in recent quarters, helping dividend income to grow by $7 million and $12 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021.
Investments Results
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | % Change | 2021 | 2020 | % Change | |||||
| Total investment income, net of expenses | $ | 175 | $ | 166 | 5 | $ | 349 | $ | 331 | 5 |
| Investment interest credited to contract holders | (27) | (25) | (8) | (53) | (51) | (4) | ||||
| Investment gains and losses, net | 520 | 1,060 | (51) | 1,024 | (665) | nm | ||||
| Investments profit (loss), pretax | $ | 668 | $ | 1,201 | (44) | $ | 1,320 | $ | (385) | nm |
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We continue to position our portfolio considering both the challenges presented by the current low interest rate environment and the risks presented by potential future inflation. As bonds in our generally laddered portfolio mature or are called over the near term, we will be challenged to replace their current yield. The table below shows the average pretax yield-to-amortized cost associated with expected principal redemptions for our fixed-maturity portfolio. The expected principal redemptions are based on par amounts and include dated maturities, calls and prefunded municipal bonds that we expect will be called during each respective time period.
| (Dollars in millions) | % Yield | Principal redemptions | ||
| At June 30, 2021 | ||||
| Fixed-maturity pretax yield profile: | ||||
| Expected to mature during the remainder of 2021 | 4.24 | % | $ | 305 |
| Expected to mature during 2022 | 3.87 | 846 | ||
| Expected to mature during 2023 | 4.12 | 945 | ||
| Average yield and total expected maturities from the remainder of 2021 through 2023 | 4.04 | $ | 2,096 | |
The table below shows the average pretax yield-to-amortized cost for fixed-maturity securities acquired during the periods indicated. The average yield for total fixed-maturity securities acquired during the first six months of 2021 was lower than the 4.12% average yield-to-amortized cost of the fixed-maturity securities portfolio at the end of 2020. Our fixed-maturity portfolio's average yield of 4.06% for the first six months of 2021, from the investment income table below, was also lower than the 4.12% yield for the year-end 2020 fixed-maturities portfolio.
| Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | |||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||
|
Average pretax yield-to-amortized cost on new fixed-maturities: |
||||||||
| Acquired taxable fixed-maturities | 3.36 | % | 4.81 | % | 3.50 | % | 4.38 | % |
| Acquired tax-exempt fixed-maturities | 2.40 | 2.86 | 2.64 | 2.91 | ||||
| Average total fixed-maturities acquired | 3.33 | 4.40 | 3.47 | 4.22 | ||||
While our bond portfolio more than covers our insurance reserve liabilities, we believe our diversified common stock portfolio of mainly blue chip, dividend-paying companies represents one of our best investment opportunities for the long term. We discussed our portfolio strategies in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Investments Segment, Page 26, and Item 7, Investments Outlook, Page 96. We discuss risks related to our investment income and our fixed-maturity and equity investment portfolios in this quarterly report Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
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The table below provides details about investment income. Average yields in this table are based on the average invested asset and cash amounts indicated in the table, using fixed-maturity securities valued at amortized cost and all other securities at fair value.
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | % Change | 2021 | 2020 | % Change | |||||
| Investment income: | ||||||||||
| Interest | $ | 117 | $ | 114 | 3 | $ | 235 | $ | 226 | 4 |
| Dividends | 60 | 53 | 13 | 118 | 106 | 11 | ||||
| Other | 1 | 2 | (50) | 3 | 5 | (40) | ||||
| Less investment expenses | 3 | 3 | 0 | 7 | 6 | 17 | ||||
| Investment income, pretax | 175 | 166 | 5 | 349 | 331 | 5 | ||||
|
Less income taxes
|
27 | 25 | 8 | 54 | 51 | 6 | ||||
| Total investment income, after-tax | $ | 148 | $ | 141 | 5 | $ | 295 | $ | 280 | 5 |
| Investment returns: | ||||||||||
|
Average invested assets plus cash and cash equivalents |
$ | 22,619 | $ | 18,759 | $ | 22,259 | $ | 19,672 | ||
| Average yield pretax | 3.09 | % | 3.54 | % | 3.14 | % | 3.37 | % | ||
| Average yield after-tax | 2.62 | 3.01 | 2.65 | 2.85 | ||||||
| Effective tax rate | 15.5 | 15.6 | 15.5 | 15.5 | ||||||
| Fixed-maturity returns: | ||||||||||
| Average amortized cost | $ | 11,653 | $ | 11,107 | $ | 11,570 | $ | 11,124 | ||
| Average yield pretax | 4.02 | % | 4.11 | % | 4.06 | % | 4.06 | % | ||
| Average yield after-tax | 3.35 | 3.42 | 3.38 | 3.39 | ||||||
| Effective tax rate | 16.7 | 16.7 | 16.7 | 16.6 | ||||||
Total Investment Gains and Losses
Investment gains and losses are recognized on the sale of investments, for certain changes in fair values of securities even though we continue to hold the securities or as otherwise required by GAAP. The change in fair value for equity securities still held are included in investment gains and losses and also in net income. The change in unrealized gains or losses for fixed-maturity securities are included as a component of other comprehensive income (OCI). Accounting requirements for the allowance for credit losses for the fixed-maturity portfolio are disclosed in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Page 133.
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The table below summarizes total investment gains and losses, before taxes.
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||
| Investment gains and losses: | ||||||||
| Equity securities: | ||||||||
| Investment gains and losses on securities sold, net | $ | - | $ | 24 | $ | 6 | $ | 17 |
| Unrealized gains and losses on securities still held, net | 489 | 1,044 | 974 | (602) | ||||
| Subtotal | 489 | 1,068 | 980 | (585) | ||||
| Fixed maturities: | ||||||||
| Gross realized gains | 11 | 3 | 14 | 5 | ||||
| Gross realized losses | (2) | (3) | (2) | (3) | ||||
| Write-down of impaired securities | - | - | - | (77) | ||||
| Subtotal | 9 | - | 12 | (75) | ||||
| Other | 22 | (8) | 32 | (5) | ||||
| Total investment gains and losses reported in net income | 520 | 1,060 | 1,024 | (665) | ||||
| Change in unrealized investment gains and losses: | ||||||||
| Fixed maturities | 132 | 506 | (64) | 182 | ||||
| Total | $ | 652 | $ | 1,566 | $ | 960 | $ | (483) |
Of the 4,251 fixed-maturity securities in the portfolio, two securities were trading below 70% of amortized cost at June 30, 2021. Our asset impairment committee regularly monitors the portfolio, including a quarterly review of the entire portfolio for potential credit losses, resulting in charges disclosed in the table below. We believe that if liquidity in the markets were to significantly deteriorate or economic conditions were to significantly weaken, we could experience declines in portfolio values and possibly increases in the allowance for credit losses or write-downs to fair value.
The table below provides additional details for write-downs of impaired securities. We had no allowance for credit losses for the first six months of 2021 or 2020.
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||
| Fixed maturities: | ||||||||
| Energy | $ | - | $ | - | $ | - | $ | 62 |
| Real estate | - | - | - | 13 | ||||
| Consumer goods | - | - | - | 1 | ||||
| Technology & Electronics | - | - | - | 1 | ||||
| Total fixed maturities | $ | - | $ | - | $ | - | $ | 77 |
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OTHER
We report as Other the noninvestment operations of the parent company and a noninsurance subsidiary, CFC Investment Company. We also report as Other the underwriting results of Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global, including earned premiums, loss and loss expenses and underwriting expenses in the table below.
Total revenues for the first six months of 2021 for our Other operations increased, compared with the same period of 2020, primarily due to earned premiums from Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global, with increases of $67 million and $3 million, respectively. Total expenses for Other increased for the first six months of 2021, primarily due to more losses and loss expenses from Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global.
Other profit or loss in the table below represents profit or losses before income taxes. For periods with a loss shown, other loss resulted largely from interest expense from debt of the parent company.
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | % Change | 2021 | 2020 | % Change | |||||
| Interest and fees on loans and leases | $ | 2 | $ | 2 | 0 | $ | 3 | $ | 3 | 0 |
| Earned premiums | 126 | 91 | 38 | 250 | 180 | 39 | ||||
| Other revenues | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||||
| Total revenues | 129 | 94 | 37 | 255 | 185 | 38 | ||||
| Interest expense | 13 | 14 | (7) | 26 | 27 | (4) | ||||
| Loss and loss expenses | 51 | 68 | (25) | 139 | 114 | 22 | ||||
| Underwriting expenses | 38 | 28 | 36 | 76 | 57 | 33 | ||||
| Operating expenses | 5 | 5 | 0 | 9 | 10 | (10) | ||||
| Total expenses | 107 | 115 | (7) | 250 | 208 | 20 | ||||
| Total other profit (loss) | $ | 22 | $ | (21) | nm | $ | 5 | $ | (23) | nm |
TAXES
We had $169 million and $317 million of income tax expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with $236 million of income tax expense and $114 million of income tax benefit for the same periods of 2020. The effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, was 19.4% and 19.3% compared with 20.6% and 26.5% for the same periods last year. The change in our effective tax rate between periods was primarily due to net investment gains included in income for 2021 versus large net investment losses included in income for the prior-year six-month period as well as changes in underwriting income.
Historically, we have pursued a strategy of investing some portion of cash flow in tax-advantaged fixed-maturity and equity securities to minimize our overall tax liability and maximize after-tax earnings. See Tax-Exempt Fixed Maturities in this quarterly report Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk for further discussion on municipal bond purchases in our fixed-maturity investment portfolio. For our property casualty insurance subsidiaries, approximately 75% of interest from tax-advantaged fixed-maturity investments and approximately 40% of dividends from qualified equities are exempt from federal tax after applying proration from the 1986 Tax Reform Act. Our noninsurance companies own an immaterial amount of tax-advantaged fixed-maturity investments. For our noninsurance companies, the dividend received deduction exempts 50% of dividends from qualified equities. Our life insurance company does not own tax-advantaged fixed-maturity investments or equities subject to the dividend received deduction. Details about our effective tax rate are in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 9, Income Taxes.
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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
At June 30, 2021, shareholders' equity was $11.858 billion, compared with $10.789 billion at December 31, 2020. Total debt was $848 million at June 30, 2021, up $6 million from December 31, 2020. At June 30, 2021, cash and cash equivalents totaled $1.003 billion, compared with $900 million at December 31, 2020.
The pandemic did not have a significant effect on our cash flows for the first half of 2021. In addition to our historically positive operating cash flow to meet the needs of operations, we have the ability to sell aportion of our high-quality, liquid investment portfolio or slow investing activities if such need arises. We also have additional capacity to borrow on our revolving short-term line of credit, as described further below.
SOURCES OF LIQUIDITY
Subsidiary Dividends
Our lead insurance subsidiary declared dividends of$258million to the parent company in the first six months of 2021, compared with $225 million for the same period of 2020. For full-year 2020, subsidiary dividends declared totaled $550 million. State of Ohio regulatory requirements restrict the dividends our insurance subsidiary can pay. For full-year 2021, total dividends that our insurance subsidiary can pay to our parent company without regulatory approval are approximately $583 million.
Investing Activities
Investment income is a source of liquidity for both the parent company and its insurance subsidiaries. We continue to focus on portfolio strategies to balance near-term income generation and long-term book value growth.
Parent company obligations can be funded with income on investments held at the parent-company level or through sales of securities in that portfolio, although our investment philosophy seeks to compound cash flows over the long term. These sources of capital can help minimize subsidiary dividends to the parent company, protecting insurance subsidiary capital.
For a discussion of our historic investment strategy, portfolio allocation and quality, see our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Investments Segment, Page 26.
Insurance Underwriting
Our property casualty and life insurance underwriting operations provide liquidity because we generally receive premiums before paying losses under the policies purchased with those premiums. After satisfying our cash requirements, we use excess cash flows for investment, increasing future investment income.
Historically, cash receipts from property casualty and life insurance premiums, along with investment income, have been more than sufficient to pay claims, operating expenses and dividends to the parent company.
The table below shows a summary of the operating cash flow for property casualty insurance (direct method):
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended June 30, | Six months ended June 30, | ||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | % Change | 2021 | 2020 | % Change | |||||
| Premiums collected | $ | 1,568 | $ | 1,518 | 3 | $ | 3,091 | $ | 2,985 | 4 |
| Loss and loss expenses paid | (767) | (751) | (2) | (1,472) | (1,568) | 6 | ||||
| Commissions and other underwriting expenses paid | (433) | (397) | (9) | (1,004) | (988) | (2) | ||||
| Cash flow from underwriting | 368 | 370 | (1) | 615 | 429 | 43 | ||||
| Investment income received | 120 | 110 | 9 | 241 | 229 | 5 | ||||
| Cash flow from operations | $ | 488 | $ | 480 | 2 | $ | 856 | $ | 658 | 30 |
Collected premiums for property casualty insurance rose $106 million during the first six months of 2021, compared with the same period in 2020. Loss and loss expenses paid for the 2021 period decreased $96million. Commissions and other underwriting expenses paid increased $16 million.
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We discuss our future obligations for claims payments and for underwriting expenses in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Contractual Obligations, Page 102, and Other Commitments also on Page 102.
Capital Resources
At June 30, 2021, our debt-to-total-capital ratio was 6.7%, considerably below our 35% covenant threshold, with $789 million in long-term debt and$59 million in borrowing on our revolving short-term line of credit. At June 30, 2021, $241 million was available for future cash management needs as part of the general provisions of the line of credit agreement, with another $300 million available as part of an accordion feature. Based on our capital requirements at June 30, 2021, we do not anticipate a material increase in debt levels exceeding the available line of credit amount during the remainder of the year. As a result, we expect changes in our debt-to-total-capital ratio to continue to be largely a function of the contribution of unrealized investment gains or losses to shareholders' equity. We have an unsecured letter of credit agreement which provides a portion of the capital needed to support Cincinnati Global's obligations at Lloyd's. The amount of this unsecured letter of credit agreement was $94 million at June 30, 2021, with no amounts drawn.
We provide details of our three long-term notes in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 3, Fair Value Measurements. None of the notes are encumbered by rating triggers.
Four independent ratings firms award insurer financial strength ratings to our property casualty insurance companies and three firms rate our life insurance company. Those firms made no changes to our parent company debt ratings during the first six months of 2021. Our debt ratings are discussed in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Liquidity and Capital Resources, Long-Term Debt, Page 101.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not use any special-purpose financing vehicles or have any undisclosed off-balance sheet arrangements (as that term is defined in applicable SEC rules) that are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on the company's financial condition, results of operation, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources. Similarly, the company holds no fair-value contracts for which a lack of marketplace quotations would necessitate the use of fair-value techniques.
USES OF LIQUIDITY
Our parent company and insurance subsidiary have contractual obligations and other commitments. In addition, one of our primary uses of cash is to enhance shareholder return.
Contractual Obligations
We estimated our future contractual obligations as of December 31, 2020, in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Contractual Obligations, Page 102. There have been no material changes to our estimates of future contractual obligations since our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Other Commitments
In addition to our contractual obligations, we have other property casualty operational commitments.
•Commissions - Commissions paid were $679 million in the first six months of 2021. Commission payments generally track with written premiums, except for annual profit-sharing commissions typically paid during the first quarter of the year.
•Other underwriting expenses - Many of our underwriting expenses are not contractual obligations, but reflect the ongoing expenses of our business. Noncommission underwriting expenses paid were $325 million in the first six months of 2021.
There were no contributions to our qualified pension plan during the first six months of 2021.
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Investing Activities
After fulfilling operating requirements, we invest cash flows from underwriting, investment and other corporate activities in fixed-maturity and equity securities on an ongoing basis to help achieve our portfolio objectives. We discuss our investment strategy and certain portfolio attributes in this quarterly report Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Uses of Capital
Uses of cash to enhance shareholder return include dividends to shareholders. In January 2021, the board of directors declared regular quarterly cash dividends of 63 cents per share for an indicated annual rate of $2.52 per share. During the first six months of 2021, we used $195 million to pay cash dividends to shareholders.
PROPERTY CASUALTY INSURANCE LOSS AND LOSS EXPENSE RESERVES
For the business lines in the commercial and personal lines insurance segments, and in total for the excess and surplus lines insurance segment and other property casualty insurance operations, the following table details gross reserves among case, IBNR (incurred but not reported) and loss expense reserves, net of salvage and subrogation reserves. Reserving practices are discussed in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Obligations and Reserves, Page 103.
Total gross reserves at June 30, 2021, increased $278 million compared with December 31, 2020. Case loss reserves for losses increased by $90 million, IBNR loss reserves increased by $154 million and loss expense reserves increased by $34 million. The total gross increase was primarily due to our commercial casualty and homeowner lines of business, and also Cincinnati Re.
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Property Casualty Gross Reserves
| (Dollars in millions) | Loss reserves | Loss expense reserves | Total gross reserves | |||||||
| Case reserves | IBNR reserves | Percent of total | ||||||||
| At June 30, 2021 | ||||||||||
| Commercial lines insurance: | ||||||||||
| Commercial casualty | $ | 990 | $ | 759 | $ | 697 | $ | 2,446 | 35.2 | % |
| Commercial property | 325 | 150 | 65 | 540 | 7.8 | |||||
| Commercial auto | 397 | 222 | 123 | 742 | 10.7 | |||||
| Workers' compensation | 420 | 505 | 86 | 1,011 | 14.5 | |||||
| Other commercial | 95 | 11 | 101 | 207 | 3.0 | |||||
| Subtotal | 2,227 | 1,647 | 1,072 | 4,946 | 71.2 | |||||
| Personal lines insurance: | ||||||||||
| Personal auto | 209 | 65 | 63 | 337 | 4.8 | |||||
| Homeowner | 182 | 107 | 46 | 335 | 4.8 | |||||
| Other personal | 65 | 94 | 4 | 163 | 2.4 | |||||
| Subtotal | 456 | 266 | 113 | 835 | 12.0 | |||||
| Excess and surplus lines | 208 | 154 | 140 | 502 | 7.2 | |||||
| Cincinnati Re | 88 | 354 | 4 | 446 | 6.4 | |||||
| Cincinnati Global | 135 | 88 | 3 | 226 | 3.2 | |||||
| Total | $ | 3,114 | $ | 2,509 | $ | 1,332 | $ | 6,955 | 100.0 | % |
| At December 31, 2020 | ||||||||||
| Commercial lines insurance: | ||||||||||
| Commercial casualty | $ | 955 | $ | 764 | $ | 653 | $ | 2,372 | 35.5 | % |
| Commercial property | 338 | 127 | 69 | 534 | 8.0 | |||||
| Commercial auto | 391 | 209 | 141 | 741 | 11.1 | |||||
| Workers' compensation | 402 | 534 | 89 | 1,025 | 15.4 | |||||
| Other commercial | 92 | 13 | 104 | 209 | 3.1 | |||||
| Subtotal | 2,178 | 1,647 | 1,056 | 4,881 | 73.1 | |||||
| Personal lines insurance: | ||||||||||
| Personal auto | 205 | 56 | 68 | 329 | 4.9 | |||||
| Homeowner | 166 | 47 | 41 | 254 | 3.8 | |||||
| Other personal | 61 | 90 | 5 | 156 | 2.3 | |||||
| Subtotal | 432 | 193 | 114 | 739 | 11.0 | |||||
| Excess and surplus lines | 190 | 133 | 123 | 446 | 6.7 | |||||
| Cincinnati Re | 77 | 287 | 2 | 366 | 5.5 | |||||
| Cincinnati Global | 147 | 95 | 3 | 245 | 3.7 | |||||
| Total | $ | 3,024 | $ | 2,355 | $ | 1,298 | $ | 6,677 | 100.0 | % |
LIFE POLICY AND INVESTMENT CONTRACT RESERVES
Gross life policy and investment contract reserves were $2.980 billion at June 30, 2021, compared with $2.915 billion at year-end 2020, reflecting continued growth in life insurance policies in force. We discuss our life insurance reserving practices in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Life Insurance Policyholder Obligations and Reserves, Page 109.
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OTHER MATTERS
SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Our significant accounting policies are discussed in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Page 133, and updated in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 1, Accounting Policies.
In conjunction with those discussions, in the Management's Discussion and Analysis in the 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, management reviewed the estimates and assumptions used to develop reported amounts related to the most significant policies. Management discussed the development and selection of those accounting estimates with the audit committee of the board of directors.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Our greatest exposure to market risk is through our investment portfolio. Market risk is the potential for a decrease in securities' fair value resulting from broad yet uncontrollable forces such as: inflation, economic growth or recession, interest rates, world political conditions or other widespread unpredictable events. It is comprised of many individual risks that, when combined, create a macroeconomic impact.
Our view of potential risks and our sensitivity to such risks is discussed in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk, Page 118.
The fair value of our investment portfolio was $22.686 billion at June 30, 2021, up $1.492 billion from year-end 2020, including a $451 million increase in the fixed-maturity portfolio and a $1.041 billion increase in the equity portfolio.
| (Dollars in millions) | At June 30, 2021 | At December 31, 2020 | ||||||||||||||
|
Cost or amortized cost |
Percent of total |
Fair value |
Percent of total |
Cost or amortized cost |
Percent of total | Fair value |
Percent of total |
|||||||||
| Taxable fixed maturities | $ | 7,948 | 50.3 | % | $ | 8,598 | 37.8 | % | $ | 7,363 | 48.3 | % | $ | 8,053 | 38.0 | % |
| Tax-exempt fixed maturities | 3,879 | 24.5 | 4,191 | 18.5 | 3,949 | 25.9 | 4,285 | 20.2 | ||||||||
| Common equities | 3,660 | 23.1 | 9,522 | 42.0 | 3,640 | 23.9 | 8,541 | 40.3 | ||||||||
|
Nonredeemable preferred equities |
340 | 2.1 | 375 | 1.7 | 287 | 1.9 | 315 | 1.5 | ||||||||
| Total | $ | 15,827 | 100.0 | % | $ | 22,686 | 100.0 | % | $ | 15,239 | 100.0 | % | $ | 21,194 | 100.0 | % |
At June 30, 2021, substantially all of our consolidated investment portfolio, measured at fair value, are classified as Level 1 or Level 2. See Item 1, Note 3, Fair Value Measurements, for additional discussion of our valuation techniques.
In addition to our investment portfolio, the total investments amount reported in our condensed consolidated balance sheets includes Other invested assets. Other invested assets included $154 million in Lloyd's deposits, $160 million of private equity investments, $31 million of life policy loans and $30 million of real estate through direct property ownership and development projects in the United States at June 30, 2021.
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FIXED-MATURITY SECURITIES INVESTMENTS
By maintaining a well-diversified fixed-maturity portfolio, we attempt to reduce overall risk. We invest new money in the bond market on a regular basis, targeting what we believe to be optimal risk-adjusted, after-tax yields. Risk, in this context, includes interest rate, call, reinvestment rate, credit and liquidity risk. We do not make a concerted effort to alter duration on a portfolio basis in response to anticipated movements in interest rates. By regularly investing in the bond market, we build a broad, diversified portfolio that we believe mitigates the impact of adverse economic factors.
In the first six months of 2021, the increase in fair value of our fixed-maturity portfolio reflected net purchases of securities, somewhat offset by a slight decrease in net unrealized gains, primarily due to an increase in U.S. Treasury yields. At June 30, 2021, our fixed-maturity portfolio with an average rating of A3/A was valued at 108.1% of its amortized cost, compared with 109.1% at December 31, 2020.
At June 30, 2021, our investment-grade and noninvestment-grade fixed-maturity securities represented 80.2% and 5.0% of the portfolio, respectively. The remaining 14.8% represented fixed-maturity securities that were not rated by Moody's or S&P Global Ratings.
Attributes of the fixed-maturity portfolio include:
| At June 30, 2021 | At December 31, 2020 | |||
| Weighted average yield-to-amortized cost | 4.09 | % | 4.12 | % |
| Weighted average maturity | 7.8 | yrs | 7.5 | yrs |
| Effective duration | 4.7 | yrs | 4.5 | yrs |
We discuss maturities of our fixed-maturity portfolio in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 2, Investments, Page 140, and in this quarterly report Item 2, Investments Results.
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TAXABLE FIXED MATURITIES
Our taxable fixed-maturity portfolio, with a fair value of $8.598 billion at June 30, 2021, included:
| (Dollars in millions) | At June 30, 2021 | At December 31, 2020 | ||
| Investment-grade corporate | $ | 6,731 | $ | 6,416 |
| States, municipalities and political subdivisions | 806 | 712 | ||
| Noninvestment-grade corporate | 623 | 479 | ||
| Commercial mortgage-backed | 282 | 285 | ||
| United States government | 126 | 120 | ||
| Foreign government | 23 | 29 | ||
| Government-sponsored enterprises | 7 | 12 | ||
| Total | $ | 8,598 | $ | 8,053 |
Our strategy is to buy, and typically hold, fixed-maturity investments to maturity, but we monitor credit profiles and fair value movements when determining holding periods for individual securities. With the exception of United States agency issues that include government-sponsored enterprises, no individual issuer's securities accounted for more than 0.9% of the taxable fixed-maturity portfolio at June 30, 2021. Our investment-grade corporate bonds had an average rating of Baa2 by Moody's or BBB by S&P Global Ratings and represented 78.3% of the taxable fixed-maturity portfolio's fair value at June 30, 2021, compared with 79.7% at year-end 2020.
The heaviest concentration in our investment-grade corporate bond portfolio, based on fair value at
June 30, 2021, was the financial sector. It represented 43.5% of our investment-grade corporate bond portfolio, compared with 46.2% at year-end 2020. No other sector exceeded 10% of our investment-grade corporate bond portfolio.
Our taxable fixed-maturity portfolio at June 30, 2021, included $282 million of commercial mortgage-backed securities with an average rating of Aa1/AA.
TAX-EXEMPT FIXED MATURITIES
At June 30, 2021, we had $4.191 billion of tax-exempt fixed-maturity securities with an average rating of Aa2/AA by Moody's and S&P Global Ratings. We traditionally have purchased municipal bonds focusing on general obligation and essential services issues, such as water, waste disposal or others. The portfolio is well diversified among approximately 1,700 municipal bond issuers. No single municipal issuer accounted for more than 0.6% of the tax-exempt fixed-maturity portfolio at June 30, 2021.
INTEREST RATE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Because of our strong surplus, long-term investment horizon and ability to hold most fixed-maturity investments until maturity, we believe the company is adequately positioned if interest rates were to rise. Although the fair values of our existing holdings may suffer, a higher rate environment would provide the opportunity to invest cash flow in higher-yielding securities, while reducing the likelihood of untimely redemptions of currently callable securities. While higher interest rates would be expected to continue to increase the number of fixed-maturity holdings trading below 100% of amortized cost, we believe lower fixed-maturity security values due solely to interest rate changes would not signal a decline in credit quality. We continue to manage the portfolio with an eye toward both meeting current income needs and managing interest rate risk.
Our dynamic financial planning model uses analytical tools to assess market risks. As part of this model, the effective duration of the fixed-maturity portfolio is continually monitored by our investment department to evaluate the theoretical impact of interest rate movements.
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The table below summarizes the effect of hypothetical changes in interest rates on the fair value of the fixed-maturity portfolio:
| (Dollars in millions) | Effect from interest rate change in basis points | |||||||||
| -200 | -100 | - | 100 | 200 | ||||||
| At June 30, 2021 | $ | 14,052 | $ | 13,402 | $ | 12,789 | $ | 12,180 | $ | 11,560 |
| At December 31, 2020 | $ | 13,493 | $ | 12,900 | $ | 12,338 | $ | 11,774 | $ | 11,195 |
The effective duration of the fixed-maturity portfolio as of June 30, 2021, was 4.7 years, up from 4.5 years at year-end 2020. The above table is a theoretical presentation showing that an instantaneous, parallel shift in the yield curve of 100 basis points could produce an approximately 4.8% change in the fair value of the fixed-maturity portfolio. Generally speaking, the higher a bond is rated, the more directly correlated movements in its fair value are to changes in the general level of interest rates, exclusive of call features. The fair values of average- to lower-rated corporate bonds are additionally influenced by the expansion or contraction of credit spreads.
In our dynamic financial planning model, the selected interest rate change of 100 to 200 basis points represents our view of a shift in rates that is quite possible over a one-year period. The rates modeled should not be considered a prediction of future events as interest rates may be much more volatile in the future. The analysis is not intended to provide a precise forecast of the effect of changes in rates on our results or financial condition, nor does it take into account any actions that we might take to reduce exposure to such risks.
EQUITY INVESTMENTS
Our equity investments, with a fair value totaling $9.897 billion at June 30, 2021, included $9.522 billion of common stock securities of companies generally with strong indications of paying and growing their dividends. Other criteria we evaluate include increasing sales and earnings, proven management and a favorable outlook. We believe our equity investment style is an appropriate long-term strategy. While our long-term financial position would be affected by prolonged changes in the market valuation of our investments, we believe our strong surplus position and cash flow provide a cushion against short-term fluctuations in valuation. Continued payment of cash dividends by the issuers of our common equity holdings can provide a floor to their valuation.
The table below summarizes the effect of hypothetical changes in market prices on fair value of our equity portfolio.
| (Dollars in millions) | Effect from market price change in percent | |||||||||||||
| -30% | -20% | -10% | - | 10% | 20% | 30% | ||||||||
| At June 30, 2021 | $ | 6,928 | $ | 7,918 | $ | 8,907 | $ | 9,897 | $ | 10,887 | $ | 11,876 | $ | 12,866 |
| At December 31, 2020 | $ | 6,199 | $ | 7,085 | $ | 7,970 | $ | 8,856 | $ | 9,742 | $ | 10,627 | $ | 11,513 |
At June 30, 2021, Apple Inc. (Nasdaq:AAPL) was our largest single common stock holding with a fair value of $665 million, or 7.0% of our publicly traded common stock portfolio and 2.9% of the total investment portfolio. Forty-one holdings among eight different sectors each had a fair value greater than $100 million.
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Common Stock Portfolio Industry Sector Distribution
| Percent of common stock portfolio | ||||||||
| At June 30, 2021 | At December 31, 2020 | |||||||
|
Cincinnati Financial |
S&P 500 Industry Weightings |
Cincinnati Financial |
S&P 500 Industry Weightings |
|||||
| Sector: | ||||||||
| Information technology | 28.1 | % | 27.4 | % | 28.3 | % | 27.6 | % |
| Financial | 15.3 | 11.3 | 14.2 | 10.4 | ||||
| Healthcare | 12.7 | 13.0 | 13.3 | 13.5 | ||||
| Industrials | 12.5 | 8.5 | 12.3 | 8.4 | ||||
| Consumer discretionary | 8.2 | 12.3 | 8.9 | 12.7 | ||||
| Consumer staples | 7.0 | 5.9 | 6.7 | 6.5 | ||||
| Materials | 4.8 | 2.6 | 5.1 | 2.6 | ||||
| Energy | 4.6 | 2.9 | 3.8 | 2.3 | ||||
| Utilities | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.8 | ||||
| Real estate | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.4 | ||||
| Telecomm services | 2.0 | 11.1 | 2.1 | 10.8 | ||||
| Total | 100.0 | % | 100.0 | % | 100.0 | % | 100.0 | % |
UNREALIZED INVESTMENT GAINS AND LOSSES
At June 30, 2021, unrealized investment gains before taxes for the fixed-maturity portfolio totaled $966 million and unrealized investment losses amounted to $4 million before taxes.
The $962 million net unrealized gain position in our fixed-maturity portfolio at June 30, 2021, decreased in the first six months of 2021, primarily due to an increase in U.S. Treasury yields. The net gain position for our current fixed-maturity holdings will naturally decline over time as individual securities mature. In addition, changes in interest rates can cause rapid, significant changes in fair values of fixed-maturity securities and the net gain position, as discussed in Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
For federal income tax purposes, taxes on gains from appreciated investments generally are not due until securities are sold. We believe that the appreciated value of equity securities, compared with the cost of securities that is generally used as a tax basis, is a useful measure to help evaluate how fair value can change over time. On this basis, the net unrealized investment gains at June 30, 2021, consisted of a net gain position in our equity portfolio of $5.897 billion. Events or factors such as economic growth or recession can affect the fair value and unrealized investment gains of our equity securities. The five largest holdings in our common stock portfolio were Apple, Microsoft (Nasdaq:MSFT), BlackRock Inc. (NYSE:BLK), JPMorgan Chase (NYSE:JPM) and Accenture Co. (NYSE:ACN), which had a combined fair value of $2.370 billion.
Unrealized Investment Losses
We expect the number of fixed-maturity securities trading below amortized cost to fluctuate as interest rates rise or fall and credit spreads expand or contract due to prevailing economic conditions. Further, amortized costs for some securities are revised through write-downs recognized in prior periods. At June 30, 2021, 108 of the 4,251 fixed-maturity securities we owned had fair values below amortized cost, compared with 128 of the 4,128 securities we owned at year-end 2020. The 108 holdings with fair values below amortized cost at June 30, 2021, represented 2.5% of the fair value of our fixed-maturity investment portfolio and $4 million in unrealized losses.
•103 of the 108 holdings had fair value between 90% and 100% of amortized cost at June 30, 2021. These primarily consist of securities whose current valuation is largely the result of interest rate factors. The fair value of these 103 securities was $314 million, and they accounted for $3 million in unrealized losses.
•3 of the 108 fixed-maturity holdings had fair value between 70% and 90% of amortized cost at June 30, 2021. We believe the three fixed-maturity securities will continue to pay interest and ultimately pay principal upon maturity. The issuers of these three securities have strong cash flow to service their debt and meet their
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contractual obligation to make principal payments. The fair value of these securities was $4 million, and they accounted for $1 million in unrealized losses.
•2 of the 108 fixed-maturity holdings had fair value below 70% of amortized cost at June 30, 2021. We believe these fixed-maturity securities will continue to pay interest and ultimately pay principal upon maturity. The fair value of these securities was $1 million, and they accounted for less than $1 million in unrealized losses.
The table below reviews fair values and unrealized losses by investment category and by the overall duration of the securities' continuous unrealized loss position.
| (Dollars in millions) | Less than 12 months | 12 months or more | Total | |||||||||
| At June 30, 2021 | Fair value |
Unrealized losses |
Fair value |
Unrealized losses |
Fair value |
Unrealized losses |
||||||
| Fixed maturity securities: | ||||||||||||
| Corporate | $ | 207 | $ | 1 | $ | 27 | $ | 1 | $ | 234 | $ | 2 |
| States, municipalities and political subdivisions | 46 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 53 | 2 | ||||||
| Commercial mortgage-backed | 4 | - | 9 | - | 13 | - | ||||||
| United States government | 9 | - | - | - | 9 | - | ||||||
| Foreign government | 5 | - | - | - | 5 | - | ||||||
| Government-sponsored enterprises | 5 | - | - | - | 5 | - | ||||||
| Total | $ | 276 | $ | 2 | $ | 43 | $ | 2 | $ | 319 | $ | 4 |
| At December 31, 2020 | ||||||||||||
| Fixed maturity securities: | ||||||||||||
| Corporate | $ | 330 | $ | 5 | $ | 46 | $ | 2 | $ | 376 | $ | 7 |
| States, municipalities and political subdivisions | 31 | 2 | 2 | - | 33 | 2 | ||||||
| Commercial mortgage-backed | 23 | 1 | 6 | - | 29 | 1 | ||||||
| United States government | 12 | - | - | - | 12 | - | ||||||
| Foreign government | 10 | - | - | - | 10 | - | ||||||
| Total | $ | 406 | $ | 8 | $ | 54 | $ | 2 | $ | 460 | $ | 10 |
At June 30, 2021, applying our invested asset impairment policy, we determined that the total of $4 million, for securities in an unrealized loss position in the table above, was not the result of a credit loss.
During the second quarter and first six months of 2021, no securities were written down to fair value through an impairment charge. During the first six months of 2020, we wrote down 12 securities and recorded $77 million in impairment charges.
During full-year 2020, we wrote down 14 securities and recorded $78 million in impairment charges.
At December 31, 2020, 128 fixed-maturity securities with a total unrealized loss of $10 million were in an unrealized loss position. Of that total, no fixed-maturity securities had fair values below 70% of amortized cost.
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The following table summarizes the investment portfolio by severity of decline:
| (Dollars in millions) |
Number of issues |
Amortized cost |
Fair value |
Gross unrealized gain (loss) |
Gross investment income | ||||
| At June 30, 2021 | |||||||||
| Taxable fixed maturities: | |||||||||
| Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost | - | $ | - | $ | - | $ | - | $ | - |
| Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost | 87 | 297 | 294 | (3) | 3 | ||||
| Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost | 1,915 | 7,651 | 8,304 | 653 | 162 | ||||
| Investment income on securities sold in current year | - | - | - | - | 8 | ||||
| Total | 2,002 | 7,948 | 8,598 | 650 | 173 | ||||
| Tax-exempt fixed maturities: | |||||||||
| Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | - | ||||
| Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost | 19 | 25 | 24 | (1) | - | ||||
| Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost | 2,228 | 3,853 | 4,166 | 313 | 61 | ||||
| Investment income on securities sold in current year | - | - | - | - | 1 | ||||
| Total | 2,249 | 3,879 | 4,191 | 312 | 62 | ||||
| Fixed-maturities summary: | |||||||||
| Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | - | ||||
| Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost | 106 | 322 | 318 | (4) | 3 | ||||
| Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost | 4,143 | 11,504 | 12,470 | 966 | 223 | ||||
| Investment income on securities sold in current year | - | - | - | - | 9 | ||||
| Total | 4,251 | $ | 11,827 | $ | 12,789 | $ | 962 | $ | 235 |
| At December 31, 2020 | |||||||||
| Fixed-maturities summary: | |||||||||
| Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost | - | $ | - | $ | - | $ | - | $ | - |
| Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost | 128 | 470 | 460 | (10) | 18 | ||||
| Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost | 4,000 | 10,842 | 11,878 | 1,036 | 414 | ||||
| Investment income on securities sold in current year | - | - | - | - | 23 | ||||
| Total | 4,128 | $ | 11,312 | $ | 12,338 | $ | 1,026 | $ | 455 |
See our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Asset Impairment, Page 61.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures - The company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act)).
Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. The company's management, with the participation of the company's chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the company's disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2021. Based upon that evaluation, the company's chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that the design and operation of the company's disclosure controls and procedures provided reasonable assurance that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure:
•that information required to be disclosed in the company's reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms, and
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•that such information is accumulated and communicated to the company's management, including its chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting - During the three months ended June 30, 2021, there were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. There was no significant impact to our internal controls over financial reporting while the majority of our associates were working remotely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We are continually monitoring and assessing any potential impact on the design and operating effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting, caused by or related to the pandemic.
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Part II - Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
Neither the company nor any of our subsidiaries are involved in any litigation believed to be material other than ordinary, routine litigation incidental to the nature of our business.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Our risk factors have not changed materially since they were described in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 25, 2021. Investors should not interpret the disclosure of a risk to imply that the risk has not already materialized.
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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
We did not sell any of our shares that were not registered under the Securities Act during the first six months of 2021. Our repurchase program does not have an expiration date. On January 26, 2018, an additional 15 million shares were authorized, which expanded our current repurchase program. We have 12,043,152 shares available for purchase under our programs at June 30, 2021.
| Period |
Total number of shares purchased |
Average price paid per share |
Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs |
Maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs |
|
| April 1-30, 2021 | - | $ | - | - | 12,043,152 |
| May 1-31, 2021 | - | - | - | 12,043,152 | |
| June 1-30, 2021 | - | - | - | 12,043,152 | |
| Totals | - | - | - | ||
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Item 6. Exhibits
| Exhibit No. | Exhibit Description |
| 3.1 | |
| 3.2 | |
| 31A |
Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 - Chief Executive Officer
|
| 31B |
Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 - Chief Financial Officer
|
| 32 |
Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002
|
| 101.INS |
The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
|
| 101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |
| 101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |
| 101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |
| 101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |
| 101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |
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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
| CINCINNATI FINANCIAL CORPORATION |
| Date: July 28, 2021 |
| /S/ Michael J. Sewell |
| Michael J. Sewell, CPA |
|
Chief Financial Officer, Senior Vice President and Treasurer
|
| (Principal Accounting Officer) |
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