Management's Discussion and Analysis - Form 6-K

Management's Discussion and Analysis

This management's discussion and analysis is designed to provide you with a narrative explanation through the eyes of our management of how we performed, as well as information about our financial condition and future prospects. As this management's discussion and analysis is intended to supplement and complement our financial statements, we recommend that you read this in conjunction with our consolidated interim financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2022, our 2021 annual consolidated financial statements and our 2021 annual management's discussion and analysis. This management's discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements, which are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, our two-year Outlook, including forecasted impacts associated with our Change Program, and our expectations related to general economic conditions and market trends and their anticipated effects on our business segments. For additional information related to forward-looking statements, material assumptions and material risks associated with them, please see the "Outlook," and "Additional Information-Cautionary Note Concerning Factors That May Affect Future Results" sections of this management's discussion and analysis. This management's discussion and analysis is dated as of May 2, 2022.

We have organized our management's discussion and analysis in the following key sections:

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references in this discussion to "we," "our," "us", the "Company" and "Thomson Reuters" are to Thomson Reuters Corporation and our subsidiaries.

Basis of presentation

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in U.S. dollars and in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).

Other than EPS, we report our results in millions of U.S. dollars, but we compute percentage changes and margins using whole dollars to be more precise. As a result, percentages and margins calculated from reported amounts may differ from those presented, and growth components may not total due to rounding.

In the first quarter of 2022, we made two changes to our segment reporting to reflect changes in how we manage our businesses. Prior-period amounts have been revised to reflect the current presentation. Refer to the "Additional information" section of this management's discussion and analysis for further information.

Use of non-IFRS financial measures

In this management's discussion and analysis, we discuss our results on both an IFRS and non-IFRS basis. We use non-IFRS financial measures, which include ratios that incorporate one or more non-IFRS financial measures, as supplemental indicators of our operating performance and financial position as well as for internal planning purposes, our management incentive programs and our business Outlook. We believe non-IFRS financial measures provide more insight into our performance. Non-IFRS measures do not have standardized meanings prescribed by IFRS and therefore are unlikely to be comparable to the calculation of similar measures used by other companies, and should not be viewed as alternatives to measures of financial performance calculated in accordance with IFRS.

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See Appendix A of this management's discussion and analysis for a description of our non-IFRS financial measures, including an explanation of why we believe they are useful measures of our performance, including our ability to generate cash flow. Refer to the "Liquidity and Capital Resources" section of this management's discussion and analysis and Appendix B for reconciliations of our non-IFRS financial measures to the most directly comparable IFRS measures.

Glossary of key terms

The following terms in this management's discussion and analysis have the following meanings, unless otherwise indicated:

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Executive Summary

Our company

Thomson Reuters is a leading provider of business information services. Our products include highly specialized information-enabled software and tools for legal, tax, accounting and compliance professionals combined with the world's most global news service - Reuters.

We derive most of our revenues from selling information and software solutions, primarily electronically and on a recurring subscription basis. Our solutions blend deep domain knowledge with software and automation tools. We believe our workflow solutions make our customers more productive, by streamlining how they operate, enabling them to focus on higher value activities. Many of our customers use our solutions as part of their workflows, which has led to strong customer retention. We believe that our customers trust us because of our history and dependability and our deep understanding of their businesses and industries, and they rely on our services for navigating a rapidly changing and increasingly complex digital world. Over the years, our business model has proven to be capital efficient and cash flow generative, and it has enabled us to maintain leading and scalable positions in our chosen market segments.

We are organized as five reportable segments described below, which reflect how we manage our businesses.

Our businesses are supported by a corporate center that centrally manages commercial and technology operations, including those around our sales capabilities, digital customer experience and product and content development. Our corporate center also centrally manages functions such as finance, legal and human resources, and our Change Program. We report "Corporate costs" which includes expenses for corporate functions and our Change Program.

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Key Financial Highlights

The momentum we experienced in 2021 continued to build into the first quarter of 2022, as both sales and revenue exceeded our expectations. Our businesses continue to benefit from the increasing complexity of regulation in our legal, tax and risk-related markets.

In May 2022, we raised our total company and "Big 3" revenue growth Outlook for the full year of 2022, reflecting our increasing confidence in our business performance. We reaffirmed all other measures in our two-year Outlook, including our adjusted EBITDA margin, as we continue to invest in our business and customer success initiatives and absorb heightened inflationary pressures. Refer to the "Outlook" section of this management's discussion and analysis for additional information.

Our Change Program to transition from a holding company to an operating company, and from a content provider into a content-driven technology company, is on track. In the first quarter of 2022, we further progressed program initiatives to migrate more of our revenue to cloud solutions, increase the proportion of sales we make through our digital channels, and improve our customers' experience interacting with us. As of March 31, 2022, we have achieved $305 million of annualized run-rate operating expense savings from the program.

Recent Global Events

The global economy is experiencing substantial disruption due to the Russian military invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022 and the ongoing impacts from COVID-19. In response to the invasion, several countries have imposed economic sanctions that are affecting global financial markets and exacerbating economic challenges such as inflation and global supply-chain disruption. While our Reuters News business continues to report from Ukraine in order to provide unbiased and reliable news, our operations in Ukraine and Russia are not material to our business. We have taken steps to comply with applicable restrictions arising from sanctions that apply to our company. We have also relocated services previously performed under outsourcing contracts in the region. We are closely monitoring the crisis to assess potential impacts on our businesses.

Consolidated results

"Big 3" Segments - Legal Professionals, Corporates and Tax & Accounting Professionals Combined

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Revenues increased 6% in total reflecting growth across four of our five business segments. Foreign currency negatively impacted revenues by 1%. Revenues increased 7% on both a constant currency and organic basis. Recurring revenues grew 7% (78% of our revenues) and transactions revenues grew 8%. Revenue growth in the quarter included a benefit of approximately 100bp from transactional revenues that we do not expect to recur, and to a lesser extent, timing.

Revenues for our "Big 3" segments (81% of total revenues) increased 7% in total, in constant currency and on an organic basis. The increase in organic revenues was driven by 8% growth in recurring revenues (85% of "Big 3" revenues) and 6% growth in transactions revenues. This performance reflects the fourth consecutive quarter that our "Big 3" segments have grown at least 6%.

Operating profit increased 7% as higher revenues more than offset higher costs, which included investments associated with our Change Program. Adjusted EBITDA and the related margin increased due to the same factors.

Diluted EPS was $2.06 per share and included a benefit from an increase in the value of our investment in LSEG. Diluted EPS in the prior-year period was $10.13 per share and included the gain of approximately $8.1 billion on the sale of Refinitiv to LSEG. Adjusted EPS, which excludes the change in value of our LSEG investment, the gain on the sale of Refinitiv and other adjustments, increased to $0.66 per share from $0.58 per share in the prior-year period, primarily due to higher adjusted EBITDA.

Net cash provided by operating activities decreased due to higher payments associated with our Change Program as well as higher annual incentive plan bonuses. Free cash flow decreased due to lower cash flows from operating activities and higher capital expenditures associated with the Change Program.

Change Program Update

In the first quarter of 2022, we began the second and final year of our two-year Change Program, which is intended to drive growth and efficiency by transitioning our company from a holding company into an operating company, and from a content provider into a content-driven technology company. Our Change Program remains on track to achieve our overall objectives, which are to:

We have invested the following amounts in our Change Program on technology, organizational and market-related initiatives.

We continue to migrate more of our revenue to cloud solutions, increase the proportion of sales we make through our digital channels, and improve our customers' experience interacting with us. As of March 31, 2022, we achieved $305 million of annualized run-rate operating expense savings. We expect to achieve $500 million of annualized run-rate operating expense savings by the end of 2022, and to achieve our full targeted amount of $600 million by the end of 2023. Refer to the "Outlook" section of the management's discussion and analysis for additional information about our Change Program.

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Results of Operations

Our revenues and operating profit on a consolidated basis do not tend to be significantly impacted by seasonality as we record a large portion of our revenues ratably over the contract term and our costs are generally incurred evenly throughout the year. However, our revenues from quarter to consecutive quarter can be impacted by the release of certain tax products, which tend to be concentrated in the fourth quarter and, to a lesser extent, in the first quarter of the year. The timing of costs related to the Change Program impacted the seasonality of our expenses and operating profit in 2022 and 2021.

The section below contains non-IFRS measures where indicated. Refer to Appendices A and B of this management's discussion and analysis for additional information and reconciliations of our non-IFRS financial measures to the most directly comparable IFRS financial measures.

Consolidated results

"Big 3" Segments - Legal Professionals, Corporates and Tax & Accounting Professionals Combined

Revenues

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Revenues increased 6% in total driven by growth across four of our five business segments. Foreign currency had a 1% negative impact on revenue growth. On both a constant currency and organic basis, revenues increased 7%. Recurring revenues grew 7% (78% of our revenues) and transactions revenues grew 8%. Global Print revenues declined slightly in total, but were unchanged compared to the prior-year period on both a constant currency and organic basis. Revenue growth in the quarter included a benefit of approximately 100bp from transactional revenues that we do not expect to recur, and to a lesser extent, timing.

Revenues for our "Big 3" segments (81% of total revenues) increased 7% in total, in constant currency and on an organic basis. The increase in organic revenues was driven by 8% growth in recurring revenues (85% of "Big 3" revenues) and 6% growth in transactions revenues. This performance reflects the fourth consecutive quarter that our "Big 3" segments have grown at least 6%.

Foreign currency negatively impacted revenue growth due to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against most major currencies, including the British pound sterling, Euro, Australian dollar and Argentine peso, which more than offset the weakening of the U.S. dollar against the Brazilian real, compared to the prior-year period.

Operating profit, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA less accrued capital expenditures

Operating profit increased 7% as higher revenues more than offset higher costs, which included investments associated with the Change Program.

Adjusted EBITDA and the related margin increased due to the factors noted above. Investments in the Change Program negatively impacted the first-quarter 2022 adjusted EBITDA margin by 210bp.

Adjusted EBITDA less accrued capital expenditures increased as higher adjusted EBITDA more than offset higher accrued capital expenditures. The related margin was unchanged. Accrued capital expenditures in the first quarter of 2022 included $28 million (2021 - $9 million) associated with the Change Program.

Operating expenses

Operating expenses increased in total and on a constant currency basis primarily due to higher costs associated with the Change Program as well as product, marketing and sales expenses related to higher revenues. However, the increase in costs was mitigated by savings from our Change Program. Change Program costs were $34 million in the first quarter of 2022 (2021 - $11 million) and included spending on severance as well as costs to drive technology and digital sales efficiencies.

Depreciation and amortization

Other operating (losses) gains, net

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In the first quarter of 2022, other operating losses, net, were not significant. In the first quarter of 2021, other operating gains, net, included a benefit from the revaluation of warrants that we held in Refinitiv prior to its sale to LSEG on January 29, 2021 and income from a license that allows LSEG's Refinitiv business to use the "Reuters" mark.

Net interest expense

The decrease in net interest expense was primarily due to lower interest costs associated with tax liabilities and net pension obligations. As substantially all of our long-term debt obligations paid interest at fixed rates (after swaps), the net interest expense on our term debt was essentially unchanged compared to the prior-year period.

Other finance (income) costs

In the first quarter of 2022, other finance income included $78 million of gains associated with foreign exchange contracts related to a portion of our indirect investment in LSEG, which is denominated in British pounds sterling, as well as net foreign exchange gains on intercompany funding arrangements. Other finance costs in the prior-year period reflected net foreign exchange losses on intercompany funding arrangements.

Share of post-tax earnings in equity method investments

Our investment in LSEG is subject to equity accounting because the LSEG shares are held through YPL, over which we have significant influence. The investment in LSEG shares held by YPL is accounted for at fair value, based on the share price of LSEG.

In the first quarter of 2022, our share of post-tax earnings in equity method investments was primarily comprised of a $799 million increase in the value of our LSEG investment.

In the first quarter of 2021, our share of post-tax earnings in equity method investments was primarily comprised of an $8,075 million gain from the sale of Refinitiv, in which we owned a 45% interest, to LSEG, which was partially offset by a $1,612 million decline in the value of the LSEG investment after the sale and $168 million of post-tax losses related to the Refinitiv operations prior to the sale.

As of May 2, 2022, we indirectly owned approximately 72.4 million LSEG shares, which had a market value of approximately $7.2 billion based on LSEG's closing share price on that date.

Tax expense

Tax expense decreased because the prior-year period included tax expense associated with the gain on sale of Refinitiv to LSEG. Additionally, tax expense in each period reflected the mix of taxing jurisdictions in which pre-tax profits and losses were recognized. Because the geographical mix of pre-tax profits and losses in interim periods may be different from that for the full year, tax expense or benefit in interim periods is not necessarily indicative of tax expense for the full year.

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The comparability of our tax expense was impacted by various transactions and accounting adjustments during each period. The following table sets forth certain components within income tax expense that impact comparability from period to period, including tax expense associated with items that are removed from adjusted earnings:

Because the items described above impact the comparability of our tax expense or benefit for each period, we remove them from our calculation of adjusted earnings, along with the pre-tax items to which they relate. The computation of our adjusted tax expense is set forth below:

Results of Discontinued Operations

In the first quarter of 2022, loss from discontinued operations, net of tax, was primarily comprised of foreign exchange losses arising on a receivable balance from LSEG relating to a tax indemnity.

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Net earnings and diluted EPS

Net earnings and diluted EPS in the first quarter of 2022 included a benefit from an increase in the value of our investment in LSEG. Net earnings and diluted EPS decreased from the prior-year period, which included a gain of approximately $8.1 billion on the sale of Refinitiv to LSEG in January 2021.

Adjusted earnings and adjusted EPS

Adjusted earnings and the related per share amount increased primarily due to higher adjusted EBITDA.

Segment results

The following is a discussion of our five reportable segments and our Corporate costs for the three months ended March 31, 2022. We assess revenue growth for each segment, as well as the businesses within each segment, in constant currency and on an organic basis. See Appendix A of this management's discussion and analysis for additional information.

Legal Professionals

Revenues increased in total, constant currency and on an organic basis. The increase in organic revenues, which grew 6% for the fourth consecutive quarter, was due to growth in recurring revenues (94% of the Legal Professionals segment) that was driven by 9% growth in the Government business, as well as growth in Westlaw Edge, Practical Law, FindLaw and the segment's businesses in Canada and Asia & Emerging Markets. Transactions revenues on an organic basis (6% of the Legal Professionals segment) slightly declined.

Segment adjusted EBITDA and the related margin increased as higher revenues more than offset slightly higher expenses, which were mitigated by cost savings from our Change Program. Foreign currency had no impact on segment adjusted EBITDA margins.

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Corporates

Revenues increased in total, constant currency and on an organic basis. Revenue growth benefited from transactions revenue that we do not expect to recur. The increase in organic revenues included strong growth in recurring revenues (77% of the Corporates segment), which was driven by Practical Law, CLEAR and Indirect Tax. Transactions revenues (23% of the Corporates segment) increased on an organic basis driven by the Confirmation business as well as the segment's businesses in Latin America and in Asia & Emerging Markets.

Segment adjusted EBITDA increased primarily due to the impact of higher revenues. The related margin increased slightly as the impact of higher revenues was largely offset by higher expenses. Foreign currency benefited the year-over-year change in segment adjusted EBITDA margin by 30bp.

Tax & Accounting Professionals

Revenues increased in total, constant currency and on an organic basis. The increase in organic revenues was driven by growth in recurring revenues (72% of the Tax & Accounting Professionals segment) from UltraTax and the segment's businesses in Latin America. The increase in transactions revenues (28% of the Tax & Accounting Professionals segment) included higher tax preparation fees due to a year-over-year timing benefit from the change in the U.S. federal tax filing deadlines for individuals, which returned to April 2022 compared to an extended deadline in May 2021. The timing benefit contributed 150bp to the segment's total organic revenue growth rate in the first quarter. However, the benefit will reverse in the second quarter with a similar negative impact on the segment's total organic growth rate.

Segment adjusted EBITDA and the related margin increased as higher revenues more than offset slightly higher expenses, which were mitigated by cost savings from the Change Program. Foreign currency benefited the year-over-year change in segment adjusted EBITDA margin by 30bp.

Tax & Accounting Professionals is a more seasonal business relative to our other businesses, with a higher percentage of its segment adjusted EBITDA historically generated in the fourth quarter and to a slightly lesser extent, the first quarter, due to the release of certain tax products. Small movements in the timing of revenues and expenses can impact quarterly margins.

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Reuters News

Revenues increased in total, constant currency and on an organic basis driven by growth across the segment's Professional businesses, which include digital advertising, custom content and Reuters Events, as well as from an increase from the segment's news and editorial agreement with LSEG.

Reuters News and LSEG's Refinitiv business have an agreement pursuant to which Reuters News supplies news and editorial content to Refinitiv through October 1, 2048. In the first quarter of 2022, Reuters News recorded revenues of $90 million (2021 - $85 million) under this agreement.

Segment adjusted EBITDA and the related margin increased as higher revenues more than offset higher expenses. Foreign currency benefited the year-over-year change in segment adjusted EBITDA margin by 150bp.

Global Print

Revenues decreased in total, but were unchanged in constant currency and on an organic basis, which was better than the decline we expected due to higher third-party revenues for printing services and timing of new sales. We expect revenues to normalize to a mid-single digit decline later in 2022.

Segment adjusted EBITDA and the related margin decreased due to the dilutive effect of third-party print revenues. Foreign currency benefited the year-over-year change in segment adjusted EBITDA margin by 10bp.

Corporate costs

Corporate costs increased primarily due to higher costs associated with the Change Program. In the first quarter of 2022, Change Program expenses were $34 million compared to $11 million in the prior-year period.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have historically maintained a disciplined capital strategy that balances growth, long-term financial leverage, credit ratings and returns to shareholders. We are focused on having the investment capacity to drive revenue growth, both organically and through acquisitions, while also maintaining our long-term financial leverage and credit ratings and continuing to provide returns to shareholders. Our principal sources of liquidity are cash and cash equivalents and cash provided by operating activities. From time to time, we also issue commercial paper, borrow under our credit facility and issue debt securities. Our principal uses of cash are for debt repayments, debt servicing costs, dividend payments, capital expenditures, share repurchases and acquisitions.

Our capital strategy approach has provided us with a strong capital structure and liquidity position. At March 31, 2022, we had $0.7 billion of cash on hand, and none of our debt securities are scheduled to mature until 2023. Our disciplined approach and cash generative business model have allowed us to weather the economic volatility caused by the COVID-19 pandemic since March 2020, while continuing to invest in our business. While we are closely monitoring the global disruption caused by Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, our operations in the region are not material to our business.

We expect that the operating leverage of our business will increase our free cash flow if we increase revenues as contemplated by our Outlook. We target a maximum leverage ratio of 2.5x net debt to adjusted EBITDA and have set a target to pay out 50% to 60% of our expected free cash flow as dividends to our shareholders. In the future, we expect that proceeds from sales of LSEG shares after the expiration of the applicable contractual lock-up provisions will provide us with further options for investment and returns to shareholders.

Our net debt to adjusted EBITDA leverage ratio as of March 31, 2022 was approximately 1.6:1, which is lower than our target of 2.5:1. As calculated under our credit facility covenant, our net debt to adjusted EBITDA leverage ratio at March 31, 2022 was 1.5:1, which is well below the maximum leverage ratio allowed under the credit facility of 4.5:1.

We believe that our existing sources of liquidity will be sufficient to fund our expected cash requirements in the normal course of business for the next 12 months.

Cash flow

Summary of consolidated statement of cash flow

Operating activities. Net cash provided by operating activities decreased due to higher payments associated with our Change Program as

well as higher annual incentive plan bonuses.

Investing activities.Net cash used in investing activities in the first quarter of 2022 included $171 million of capital expenditures. In the first quarter of 2021, net cash provided by investing activities included a $994 million dividend from YPL in connection with the sale of LSEG shares, which was partly offset by $120 million of capital expenditures.

Financing activities.Net cash used in financing activities included dividends paid to our common shareholders of $209 million and $194 million in the first quarters of 2022 and 2021, respectively. The first quarter of 2021 also included $200 million of share repurchases. Refer to the "Dividends" and "Share repurchases" subsections below for additional information.

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Cash and cash equivalents.Cash and cash equivalents as of March 31, 2022 were lower compared to the beginning of the year as cash generated from operating activities was more than offset by capital expenditures and dividends to common shareholders. The March 31, 2021 balance included $994 million of cash received from a YPL dividend following the sale of 10.1 million LSEG shares.

Free cash flow.Free cash flow decreased due to lower cash flows from operating activities and higher capital expenditures associated with the Change Program.

Additional information about our debt and credit arrangements, dividends and share repurchases is as follows:

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Financial position

Our total assets were $22.8 billion at March 31, 2022, compared to $22.1 billion at December 31, 2021. The increase was driven by an increase in the value of our LSEG investment.

At March 31, 2022, our current assets were slightly higher than our current liabilities. Typically, our current liabilities exceed our current assets because current liabilities include a significant amount of deferred revenue, which arises from the sale of subscription-based products and services that many customers pay for in advance. The cash received from these advance payments is used to currently fund the operating, investing and financing activities of our business. However, for accounting purposes, these advance payments must be deferred and recognized over the term of the subscription. As such, we typically reflect a negative working capital position in our consolidated statement of financial position. In the ordinary course of business, deferred revenue does not represent a cash obligation, but rather an obligation to perform services or deliver products, and therefore when we are in that situation, we do not believe it is indicative of a liquidity issue, but rather an outcome of the required accounting for our business model.

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Net debt and leverage ratio of net debt to adjusted EBITDA

At March 31, 2022, our total debt position (after swaps) was $3.7 billion. The maturity dates for our term debt are well balanced with no significant concentration in any one year. At March 31, 2022, the average maturity of our term debt was approximately eight years at an average interest rate (after swaps) of slightly over 4%, all of which is fixed. Our leverage ratio of net debt to adjusted EBITDA was below our target ratio of 2.5:1. The increase in our net debt is primarily due to the decrease in our cash and cash equivalents (refer to the "Cash Flow" section of this management's discussion and analysis for additional information).

Off-balance sheet arrangements, commitments and contractual obligations

For a summary of our other off-balance sheet arrangements, commitments and contractual obligations please see our 2021 annual management's discussion and analysis. There were no material changes to these arrangements, commitments and contractual obligations during the three months ended March 31, 2022.

Contingencies

Lawsuits and legal claims

We are engaged in various legal proceedings, claims, audits and investigations that have arisen in the ordinary course of business. These matters include, but are not limited to, employment matters, commercial matters, defamation claims and intellectual property infringement claims. The outcome of all of the matters against us is subject to future resolution, including the uncertainties of litigation. Based on information currently known to us and after consultation with outside legal counsel, management believes that the ultimate resolution of any such matters, individually or in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse impact on our financial condition taken as a whole.

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Uncertain tax positions

We are subject to taxation in numerous jurisdictions and we are routinely under audit by many different taxing authorities in the ordinary course of business. There are many transactions and calculations during the course of business for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain, as taxing authorities may challenge some of our positions and propose adjustments or changes to our tax filings.

As a result, we maintain provisions for uncertain tax positions that we believe appropriately reflect our risk. These provisions are made using our best estimate of the amount expected to be paid based on a qualitative assessment of all relevant factors. When appropriate, we perform an expected value calculation to determine our provisions. We review the adequacy of these provisions at the end of each reporting period and adjust them based on changing facts and circumstances. Due to the uncertainty associated with tax audits, it is possible that at some future date, liabilities resulting from such audits or related litigation could vary significantly from our provisions. However, based on currently enacted legislation, information currently known to us and after consultation with outside tax advisors, management believes that the ultimate resolution of any such matters, individually or in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse impact on our financial condition taken as a whole.

Prior to 2022, we paid $379 million of tax as required under notices of assessment issued by the U.K. tax authority, HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC), under the Diverted Profits Tax (DPT) regime. In February 2022, HMRC issued DPT notices aggregating $74 million, which we paid in March 2022. These assessments collectively related to the 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 taxation years of certain of our current and former U.K. affiliates.

HMRC still has the statutory authority to amend the above assessments for the 2016, 2017 and 2018 taxation years by issuing a supplementary DPT notice for each year. Based on recent discussions with HMRC, management believes that HMRC may issue supplementary notices within the next 12 months that would be almost entirely related to businesses we have sold, which are subject to indemnity arrangements. If that occurs, we will be required to pay additional taxes to HMRC shortly thereafter that could be as much as $350 million in aggregate (largely related to the 2018 taxation year).

As we do not believe these current and former U.K. affiliates fall within the scope of the DPT regime, we will continue contesting these assessments (including any amended by HMRC) through all available administrative and judicial remedies and intend to vigorously defend our position. Payments made by us are not a reflection of our view on the merits of the case. As the assessments largely relate to businesses that we have sold, the majority are subject to indemnity arrangements under which we have been or will be required to pay additional taxes to HMRC or the indemnity counterparty.

Because we believe that our position is supported by the weight of law, we do not believe that the resolution of this matter will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition taken as a whole. As we expect to receive refunds of substantially all of the aggregate of amounts paid and potential future payments pursuant to these notices of assessment, we expect to continue recording substantially all of these payments as non-current receivables from HMRC or the indemnity counterparty on our financial statements. We expect that our existing sources of liquidity (as discussed earlier in this section) will be sufficient to fund any required additional payments if HMRC issues supplementary notices.

For additional information, please see the "Risk Factors" section of our 2021 annual report, which contains further information on risks related to legal and tax matters.

Outlook

The information in this section is forward-looking and should be read in conjunction with the section entitled "Additional Information - Cautionary Note Concerning Factors That May Affect Future Results".

In May 2022, we raised our total company and "Big 3" revenue growth Outlook for the full year 2022, which reflects our increasing confidence in our business performance. We reaffirmed all other measures in our two-year Outlook, including our adjusted EBITDA margin, as we continue to invest in our business and customer success initiatives and absorb heightened inflationary pressures.

The Change Program is expected to be largely complete by the end of 2022 and is projected to require an investment of $600 million. We invested $295 million in 2021 and plan to invest approximately $305 million in 2022. We expect to expense approximately 60% of the investments and to capitalize approximately 40% of the investments, which will be amortized over future periods. By 2023, we believe the financial benefits that will result from these initiatives include:

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Our Outlook incorporates the forecasted impacts associated with our Change Program, assumes constant currency rates relative to 2021 and does not factor in the impact of any acquisitions or divestitures that may occur in future periods. We believe this type of guidance provides useful insight into the performance of our business.

The following table sets forth the May 2022 updates to our full-year 2022 revenue growth Outlook from what we previously communicated in February 2022. All other measures in our 2022 Outlook are unchanged.

Our two-year Outlook (as updated in May 2022) along with our 2021 actual results are presented in the table below, which includes non-IFRS financial measures.

We also expect our total company second-quarter 2022 revenue growth rate will be comparable to our updated full-year 2022 Outlook and our adjusted EBITDA margin will be approximately 200bp lower than the 2022 full-year Outlook target. We anticipate $130 million to $150 million of total Change Program spend in the first half of 2022 and $160 million to $180 million in the second half of 2022.

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The following table summarizes our material assumptions and material risks that may cause actual performance to differ from our expectations underlying our financial Outlook.

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Our Outlook contains various non-IFRS financial measures. We believe that providing reconciliations of forward-looking non-IFRS financial measures in our Outlook would be potentially misleading and not practical due to the difficulty of projecting items that are not reflective of ongoing operations in any future period. The magnitude of these items may be significant. Consequently, for Outlook purposes only, we are unable to reconcile these measures to the most comparable IFRS measures because we cannot predict, with reasonable certainty, the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates which impact (i) the translation of our results reported at average foreign currency rates for the year; and (ii) other finance income or expense related to intercompany financing arrangements and foreign exchange contracts. Additionally, we cannot reasonably predict (i) our share of post-tax earnings or losses in equity method investments, which is subject to changes in the stock price of LSEG; or (ii) the occurrence or amount of other operating gains and losses, which generally arise from business transactions we do not currently anticipate.

Related Party Transactions

As of May 2, 2022, our principal shareholder, Woodbridge, beneficially owned approximately 67% of our common shares.

Transactions with 3 Times Square Associates LLC. (3XSQ Associates)

We have an investment in 3XSQ Associates, an entity jointly owned by a subsidiary of our company and Rudin Times Square Associates LLC (Rudin), that owns and operates the 3 Times Square property and building in New York, New York. During the first quarter of 2022, our investment increased by $10 million due to capital contributions, of which $4 million was unpaid at March 31, 2022. We also paid approximately $2 million of rent to 3XSQ Associates for office space in the building. We follow the equity method of accounting for our investment.

Except for the above transactions, there were no new significant related party transactions during the first quarter of 2022. Refer to the "Related Party Transactions" section of our 2021 annual management's discussion and analysis, which is contained in our 2021 annual report, as well as note 31 of our 2021 annual consolidated financial statements for information regarding related party transactions.

Subsequent Events

Acquisition

In April 2022, we acquired ThoughtTrace, a business that uses artificial intelligence and machine learning to read, organize and manage document workflows.

Changes in Accounting Policies

Please refer to the "Changes in Accounting Policies" section of our 2021 annual management's discussion and analysis, which is contained in our 2021 annual report, for information regarding changes in accounting policies. Since the date of our 2021 annual management's discussion and analysis, there have not been any significant changes to our accounting policies.

Critical Accounting Estimates and Judgments

The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments about the future. Estimates and judgments are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Please refer to the "Critical Accounting Estimates and Judgments" section of our 2021 annual management's discussion and analysis, which is contained in our 2021 annual report, for additional information. Since the date of our 2021 annual management's discussion and analysis, there have not been any significant changes to our critical accounting estimates and judgments.

The global economy is experiencing substantial disruption due to the Russian military invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022 and the ongoing impacts from COVID-19. In response to the invasion, several countries have imposed economic sanctions that are affecting global financial markets and exacerbating economic challenges such as inflation and global supply-chain disruption. Due to the significant uncertainty created by these circumstances, some of management's estimates and judgments may be more variable and may change materially in the future.

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Additional Information

Basis of presentation

Revision to segment results

In the first quarter of 2022, we made two changes to our segment reporting to reflect how we currently manage our businesses. The changes (i) reflect the transfer of certain revenues from our Corporates business to our Tax & Accounting Professionals business where they are better aligned; and (ii) record intercompany revenue in Reuters News for content-related services that it provides to Legal Professionals, Corporates and Tax & Accounting Professionals. Previously, these services had been reported as a transfer of expense from Reuters News to these businesses. These changes impact the financial results of our segments, but do not change our consolidated financial results. The table below summarizes the changes.

Disclosure controls and procedures

Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, after evaluating the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in applicable U.S. and Canadian securities law) as of the end of the period covered by this management's discussion and analysis, have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that all information that we are required to disclose in reports that we file or furnish under the U.S. Securities Exchange Act and applicable Canadian securities law is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC and Canadian securities regulatory authorities; and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Internal control over financial reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with IFRS.

On January 1, 2022, we implemented a new financial reporting system, Oracle Cloud EPM Financial Consolidation and Close, to consolidate our results and prepare our financial statements. In conjunction with the change, we modified certain processes and procedures that are part of our internal controls over financial reporting.

Except as described above, there was no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the first quarter of 2022 that materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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Share capital

As of May 2, 2022, we had outstanding 487,094,609 common shares, 6,000,000 Series II preference shares, 2,305,248 stock options and a total of 2,483,569 time-based restricted share units and performance restricted share units. We have also issued a Thomson Reuters Founders Share which enables Thomson Reuters Founders Share Company to exercise extraordinary voting power to safeguard the Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.

Public securities filings and regulatory announcements

You may access other information about our company, including our 2021 annual report (which contains information required in an annual information form) and our other disclosure documents, reports, statements or other information that we file with the Canadian securities regulatory authorities through SEDAR at www.sedar.com and in the United States with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) at www.sec.gov.

Cautionary note concerning factors that may affect future results

Certain statements in this management's discussion and analysis are forward-looking, including, but not limited to, our two-year business Outlook, expectations related to the Change Program, statements regarding the Company's intention to target a dividend payout ratio of between 50% to 60% of its free cash flow, statements regarding the expected future growth of our customer segments or businesses, and expectations regarding the receipt and amount of supplementary DPT notices from the HMRC, and the filing of a new base shelf prospectus. The words "will", "expect", "believe", "target", "estimate", "could", "should", "intend", "predict", "project" and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements. While we believe that we have a reasonable basis for making forward-looking statements in this management's discussion and analysis, they are not a guarantee of future performance or outcomes or that any other events described in any forward-looking statement will materialize. Forward-looking statements, including those related to the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the COVID-19 pandemic, or other events and macroeconomic factors are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from current expectations. Many of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions are beyond our company's control and the effects of them can be difficult to predict.

Certain factors that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from current expectations are discussed in the "Outlook" section above. Additional factors are discussed in the "Risk Factors" section of our 2021 annual report and in materials that we from time to time file with, or furnish to, the Canadian securities regulatory authorities and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Many of those risks are, and could be, exacerbated by a worsening of the global geopolitical, business and economic environments. There is no assurance that any forward-looking statement will materialize.

The Company's two-year business Outlook is based on information currently available to the Company and is based on various external and internal assumptions made by the Company in light of its experience and perception of historical trends, current conditions and expected future developments (including those related to the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic), as well as other factors that the Company believes are appropriate under the circumstances.

The Company has provided a business Outlook for the purpose of presenting information about current expectations for the periods presented. This information may not be appropriate for other purposes. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements which reflect expectations only as of the date of this management's discussion and analysis. Except as may be required by applicable law, Thomson Reuters disclaims any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements.

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Appendix A

Non-IFRS Financial Measures

We use non-IFRS financial measures, which include ratios that incorporate one or more non-IFRS financial measures, as supplemental indicators of our operating performance and financial position as well as for internal planning purposes, our management incentive programs and our business Outlook. These measures do not have any standardized meaning prescribed by IFRS and therefore are unlikely to be comparable to the calculation of similar measures used by other companies.

As of December 31, 2021, we changed the basis of capital expenditures used in certain of our non-IFRS financial measures. Historically, we used capital expenditures paid from our consolidated statement of cash flow, as measured under IFRS. However, as we manage capital expenditures on an accrual basis, which includes capital expenditures that remain unpaid at the reporting date, we believe it is more appropriate to use accrued capital expenditures in these measures. The change results in a new non-IFRS financial measure called "Accrued capital expenditures as a percentage of revenues". We have revised the amounts for the first quarter of 2021 in our management's discussion & analysis.

The following table sets forth our non-IFRS financial measures including an explanation of why we believe they are useful measures of our performance. Reconciliations to the most directly comparable IFRS measure are reflected in Appendix B and the "Liquidity and Capital Resources" section of this management's discussion and analysis.

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Appendix B

This appendix provides reconciliations of certain non-IFRS financial measures to the most directly comparable IFRS measure that are not presented elsewhere in this management's discussion and analysis for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 and year ended December 31, 2021.

Reconciliation of earnings from continuing operations to adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA less accrued capital expenditures

Reconciliation of capital expenditures to accrued capital expenditures

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Reconciliation of net earnings to adjusted earnings and adjusted EPS

Effective Tax Rate on Adjusted Earnings is computed as follows:

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Reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities to free cash flow

Reconciliation of changes in revenues to changes in revenues excluding the effects of foreign currency (constant currency) as well as acquisitions/divestitures (organic basis)⁽¹⁾

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