Study: MRSA Spread in Outpatient Healthcare

New Study Finds Frequent Shedding of Infectious Pathogens in Healthcare SettingsOutside Patient Rooms

Study published in the American Journal of Infection Control highlights frequency and risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) shedding and contamination

Arlington, Va., August 5, 2021 - New data suggest that methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is frequently shed during outpatient healthcare visits, creating the potential for transmission to other patients and healthcare staff. The findings from a six-month, hospital-based observational study appear in the August issue of the American Journal of Infection Control (AJIC), the journal of the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC), and provide some of the first empirical data regarding the frequency of and risk factors for MRSA contamination outside hospital rooms.

'The proportion of patient care delivered in outpatient settings has risen dramatically in recent years and hospitalized patients often leave their rooms for various procedures, but there is limited data on the shedding of highly transmissible pathogens such as MRSA in these settings,' said Curtis Donskey, M.D., hospital epidemiologist, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, and the paper's lead author. 'Given the growing problems associated with healthcare-associated infections and multidrug-resistant organisms, it is critical to understand whether sites outside of patient rooms are an underappreciated source of transmission.'

MRSA and multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli (MDR-GNB) can be transmitted from person to person in healthcare facilities and are common causes of infections in inpatient and outpatient settings. Multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli are problematic because there are very few antimicrobial drugs to treat them, which can be very dangerous for patients. While many studies have evaluated the pathogen contamination and transmission that occur in patient rooms, the study published today in AJIC is among just a few that have evaluated shedding of MRSA and MDR-GNB outside of the hospital room setting.

The six-month observational study conducted at Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center involved a total of 50 hospitalized or recently discharged patients infected with MRSA (n=39) or MDR-GNB (n=11). Researchers cleaned and disinfected all surfaces and equipment prior to outpatient visits and inpatient appointments outside of patient hospital rooms, and then sampled a standardized group of these surfaces immediately following the appointments to determine whether they were contaminated with MRSA or MDR-GNB.

Findings suggest that significant MRSA shedding occurred during patient visits and appointments, with 15 of the 39 MRSA carriers (38.5%) shedding MRSA to the environment during one or more procedures. This compared to zero instances of shedding among MDR-GNB infected patients (0%, p=.02).

Overall, environmental shedding of MRSA occurred during 45% of the 53 total appointments outside hospital rooms and in outpatient settings. Among the 24 MRSA-infected inpatients specifically, 38 total appointments outside of hospital rooms resulted in 17 instances (44.7%) of environmental MRSA contamination.

After analyzing risk factors that could be associated with the environmental shedding of MRSA, researchers found that the presence of a wound that was culture-positive for MRSA was the only factor significantly associated with shedding. Eleven of 15 (73.3%) MRSA-infected patients with culture-positive wounds shed bacteria during appointments versus only 4 of 24 (16.7%) with no culture-positive wounds (p=.008).

'These findings provide objective evidence that shedding outside of hospital rooms could be an important source of MRSA transmission,' said Ann Marie Pettis, BSN, RN, CIC, FAPIC, and APIC 2021 president. 'Effective cleaning and disinfection protocols should be reinforced in outpatient clinics and sites of inpatient appointments to reduce the transmission risk in these settings.'

To hear an interview with the authors, listen to the 'AJIC Science Into Practice ' podcast.

About APIC
The Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC) is creating a safer world through the prevention of infection. APIC's nearly 16,000 members develop and direct infection prevention and control programs that save lives and improve the bottom line for healthcare facilities. APIC advances its mission through patient safety, education, implementation science, competencies and certification, advocacy, and data standardization. Visit us at apic.org.

About AJICAs the official peer-reviewed journal of APIC, The American Journal of Infection Control(AJIC) is the foremost resource on infection control, epidemiology, infectious diseases, quality management, occupational health, and disease prevention. AJIC also publishes infection control guidelines from APIC and the CDC. AJIC is included in Index Medicus and CINAHL. Visit AJIC atajicjournal.org.

NOTES FOR EDITORS

'Shedding of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli during outpatient appointments and procedures outside hospital rooms,' by Heba Almidi, Jennifer L. Cadnum, and Curtis J. Donskey was published online in AJIC on March 9, 2021 and appears in the August 2021 print issue.

AUTHORS

Heba Alhmidi, MD

Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH

Jennifer L. Cadnum, BS

Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH

Sreelatha Koganti, MD

Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH

Annette L. Jencson, CIC

Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH

Brigid M. Wilson, PhD

Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH

Curtis J. Donskey, MD (Corresponding Author)

Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH

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